U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics State Court Prosecutors in Large Districts, 2001 December 2001, NCJ 191206 ------------------------------------------------------- This file is text only without graphics and many of the tables. A Zip archive of the tables in this report in spreadsheet format (.wk1) and the full report including tables and graphics in .pdf format are available from: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/scpld01.htm ------------------------------------------------------- Carol J. DeFrances, Ph.D. BJS Statistician ------------------------------------------------------- Highlights Offices serving a population of-- All offices in 1,000,000 500,000 to large districts or more 999,999 Number of prosecutors' offices 114 34 80 Median Population served, 1999 772,425 1,478,630 680,854 Total staff size 234 456 195 Salary of chief prosecutor $125,350 $136,700 $118,656 Budget for prosecution $14,203,495 $32,114,944 $10,946,771 Felony cases closed in 12 months 6,347 12,079 4,921 * In 2001, 114 prosecutors' offices of the 2,341 offices nationwide served jurisdictions with a population of 500,000 or more. These 114 offices in large districts represented 45% of the Nation's population in 1999. * Over 14,000 assistant prosecutors and supervisory attorneys who litigated cases were employed by prosecutors' offices in large districts. Overall there were 11 prosecutors per 100,000 residents in large districts. * 58% of large district offices indicated problems with recruiting new staff attorneys and 72% experienced problems with retaining staff attorneys. The primary obstacle reported by a majority of offices with recruitment (81%) or retention (76%) problems was the amount of salary. * Large district offices budgeted $2.9 billion for prosecutorial functions in 2001. The annual amount budgeted per resident was about $24. About 85% of the offices received grant funds. * About three-fourths of prosecutors' offices in large districts had, during the previous 12 months, prosecuted computer crimes involving child pornography (75%) or credit card fraud (73%). * Annually, prosecutors' offices in large districts closed over 1 million felony cases, with a median conviction rate of 85%. Office staff in large districts participated in over 27,000 felony trials with a jury verdict. * During the previous 12 months, prosecutors' offices in large districts proceeded in almost 11,000 juvenile cases in criminal court. * 65% of prosecutors' offices in large districts reported a threat or assault against an assistant prosecutor, 41% the chief prosecutor, and 22% a staff investigator. * Excessive delays in getting DNA results from a laboratory were reported by 70% of large district offices and inconclusive DNA results by 43%. ---------------------------------------------------- In 2001 State court prosecutors' offices that served districts with a population of 500,000 or more budgeted over $2.9 billion for prosecutorial functions. Results from the 2001 National Survey of Prosecutors (NSP) indicate that these 114 offices in large districts closed more than 1 million felony cases and employed over 40,000 staff during the year. The median office budget for prosecution was $14 million, and the median total staff size was 234. The survey found that most offices in large districts had experience prosecuting computer-related crime (83%) and had implemented community prosecution by involving the community to help identify crime and other problem areas (81%). All the large district offices had used DNA evidence during felony trials, and all had prosecuted domestic violence and child abuse felony offenses in 2001. The 2001 NSP collected data on all chief prosecutors that handled felony cases in State courts of general jurisdiction. ***Footnote 1: The 1990, 1992, 1994, and 1996 NSP data collections surveyed a nationally representative sample of chief prosecutors that tried felony cases in State courts of general jurisdiction.*** The survey did not include municipal attorneys or county attorneys who primarily operate in courts of limited jurisdiction. This report focuses entirely on the 114 prosecutors' offices that served districts with a population of 500,000 or more. ***Footnote 2: A report on all 2,341 State court prosecutors' offices is scheduled for spring 2002.*** In 2001, 114 prosecutors' offices out of the 2,341 offices nationwide served districts with a population of 500,000 or more. Although these 114 offices comprised only 5% of all prosecutors' offices nationwide, they served 45% of the U.S. population in 1999. About two-thirds of Part I Uniform Crime Report (UCR) offenses reported to the police in 1998 occurred in the prosecutorial districts served by these offices. ***Footnote 3: Part I Uniform Crime Report offenses taken from Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data: County-Level Detailed Arrest and offense Data, 1998, Part 4, Crimes Reported (computer file).*** Half of these offices represented a district with a population of 772,000 or more. The majority (83%) of prosecutors' offices in large districts served one county. Three of the offices, in which the Attorney General had responsibility for prosecuting all violations of state law, had jurisdiction for their entire State (Alaska, Delaware, and Rhode Island). While all the offices in this report served at least 500,000 or more residents, the size of the prosecutorial district varied considerably among the 114 offices. For example, the largest prosecutor's office, Los Angeles County, California served a population of over 9 million, while the prosecutor's office in Camden County, New Jersey, served a population slightly over 500,000. Since staffing, budget, and workload often differ according to the size of the prosecutorial district, this report presents information in the aggregate for all 114 offices and then by categories for offices that served a district with a population of 1 million or more and offices that served between 500,000 to 999,999. The offices that served 1 million or more residents were generally different from the other offices examined in this report. Prosecutors' offices serving 1 million or more had considerably more staff and larger budgets and caseloads. For example, for districts of 1 million or more, the per resident amount budgeted was $28 compared to $18 per resident of districts between 500,000 and 999,999. In prosecutors' offices serving 1 million or more, the number of assistant prosecutors per 100,000 residents was 12.3, compared to 10.5 for offices serving between 500,000 and 999,999. Staffing in large districts In 2001 prosecutors' offices in large districts employed more than 40,000 staff including assistant prosecutors, paralegals, victim advocates, investigators, and support staff. About 4% of the total staff worked part time. Attorneys (assistant prosecutors, civil attorneys, and supervisory attorneys) responsible for felony prosecutions or civil litigation comprised about 38% of total staff. Support staff, including administrative staff and clerical staff, comprised about 36% of total staff. The median total staff size for large district prosecutors' offices was 234, including the chief prosecutor. Half of the offices reported 79 or more assistant prosecutors and 8 or more supervisory attorneys. The median number of support staff was 69 and of staff investigators was 17. Overall, the ratio of assistant prosecutors (including supervisory attorneys) to investigators was 3.6 attorneys to 1 investigator; to victim advocates, 9.7 to 1; and to support staff members, 1 to 1. Term of office, length of service, and salary of chief prosecutor in large districts During 2001 all 114 prosecutors' offices in large districts reported employing a full- time chief prosecutor. Most large district chief prosecutors were elected or appointed to 4-year terms (88%), with half serving 8 years or more (not shown in a table). About 25% of chief prosecutors in large districts had served 15 years or more. In general, chief prosecutors representing districts with a population between 500,000 to 999,999 served longer in office (median of 8.3 years) than their counterparts representing districts with 1 million or more (median of 6.5 years). Half of prosecutors' offices in large districts reported that the chief prose- cutor earned $125,000 or more per year (not shown in a table). The chief prosecutor earned an annual salary of $100,000 or more in 86% of the offices. The annual salary for chief prosecutors in large districts ranged from $84,000 to $190,000. Attorney recruitment and retention in large districts Problems with recruiting new staff attorneys were reported by 58% of large district prosecutors' offices. Eighty- one percent of prosecutors' offices with recruitment problems indicated that the primary obstacle was noncompetitive salaries (not shown in a table). Problems with recruiting new staff attorneys was cited more often in offices serving districts with a population between 500,000 to 999,999 (64%) than offices serving districts with a population of 1 million or more (46%). Retaining staff attorneys also was a problem for most prosecutors' offices in large districts (72%). Three-fourths of the offices with retention problems reported that the amount of the salary was the primary obstacle (not shown in a table). Annual salary for full-time assistant prosecutors and supervisory attorneys in large districts In 2001 the median minimum annual salary for entry level assistant prosecutors in offices in large districts was $40,000, and the median maximum annual salary was $51,100. For assistant prosecutors with 5 years of experience, the median minimum salary was $54,000 and for supervisory attorneys the median minimum salary was $70,000. Half of the offices reported that the maximum annual salary for assistant prosecutors with 5 years of experience was $68,576 or more and for supervisory attorneys $104,260 or more. In general, the median minimum and maximum salaries for assistant prosecutors and supervisory attorneys were higher in offices serving districts with a population of 1 million or more. Budget of prosecutors' offices in large districts In 2001 prosecutors' offices in large districts had total budgets of over $2.9 billion for prosecutorial functions. Half of the offices reported an annual budget of $14 million or more. The budget for large district prosecutors' offices ranged from $1.4 million to $373 million. The median annual budget for offices serving a district with population of 1 million or more ($32 million) was almost 3 times the median annual budget for offices serving a district with a population between 500,000 to 999,999 ($11 million) . Most of the offices indicated that staff salaries (99%), expert services (90%), and investigator services (90%) were included in their reported budget amounts. Three-fourths of large district offices reported that funds for interpreter services and for DNA testing were included. Funding for social services (38%) and child support enforcement (31%) were included by about a third of prosecutors' offices in large districts. Half of the prosecutors' offices in large districts received 70% or more of their funding from the county government (not shown in a table). Forty-one percent of the offices did not receive State government funds and 17% did not receive county government funds. About 11% of the offices reported receiving some portion of their budget from the city government. Some amount of grant funds were received by 85% of the offices in large districts. Types of cases handled by prosecutors' offices in large districts Large district offices prosecuted a wide variety of felony offenses. In addition to felony criminal cases, 93% of prosecutors' offices in large districts also had jurisdiction for juvenile matters, 87% misdemeanor cases, 84% misdemeanor appeals, 64% felony appeals, 59% traffic violations, 46% child support enforcement, and 34% represented the government in civil lawsuits. Felony and misdemeanor appeals were handled more often in offices serving a district with population of 1 million or more (77%, 97%) than in offices serving a district with population between 500,000 to 999,999 (58%, 77%). Special categories of felony offenses prosecuted in large districts All large district prosecutors' offices reported they had prosecuted domestic violence and child abuse felony offenses during the previous year. Over 90% of offices indicated prosecuting illegal possession of a firearm (93%) and stalking (91%) offenses. Offenses related to health care fraud were prosecuted in 42% of the offices and telemarketing fraud in 36%. About 46% of prosecutors' offices in large districts also indicated that they prose- cute use of excessive force offenses by the police. Offices serving a district with 1 million or more were more likely than those offices serving between 500,000 to 999,999 to have prosecuted police use of excessive force (65%) health care fraud (56%) and telemarketing fraud (50%) offenses. Computer related crime prosecuted in large districts Over the previous year, 83% of large district offices reported prosecuting computer related crimes under their State's computer statutes. Three-fourths of the offices indicated prosecuting misdemeanor or felony computer related crimes dealing with the transmittal of child pornography (75%) or credit card fraud (73%). Two-thirds of offices prosecuted identity theft (68%), cyberstalking (66%), and bank card fraud (66%) computer crimes. Computer sabotage (29%), unauthorized copying or distribution of computer programs (25%), and theft of intellectual property (24%) computer crimes were prosecuted in about a quarter of the offices. Number of cases and convictions in large districts During the 12 months before the survey, prosecutors' offices in large districts closed more than 1 million felony cases and 3 million misdemeanor cases. Approximately 823 felony cases were closed per 100,000 large district residents. The median number of felony jury trials per office was 160. Half of large district offices closed 6,347 or more felony cases. About 72 felony cases per assistant prosecutor were closed.***Footnote 4: This estimate was calculated by dividing the total number of felony cases closed divided by the number of assistant prosecutors including supervisory attorneys. An assumption made in calculating the estimate is that all large district assistant prosecutors handled felony cases, which may not always be the case.*** In at least half of the offices, 85% or more of felony cases resulted in a felony or misdemeanor conviction. The median number of felony jury trial verdicts per office was 160. Half of the offices serving a population of 1 million or more closed 12,079 or more felony cases, compared to 4,921 or more for offices serving between 500,000 to 999,999. The median number of felony jury trial verdicts for offices serving a district with population of 1 million or more (354) was almost 3 times the median number of felony jury trial verdicts for offices serving a district with population between 500,000 to 999,999 (130). Juveniles proceeded against in criminal courts in large districts Almost all prosecutors' offices in large districts (99%) proceeded against juveniles in criminal court. Over the previous 12 months large district offices reported proceeding against almost 11,000 juvenile cases in criminal court. Half of the offices proceeded against 37 or more juvenile cases in criminal court. The median number of juvenile cases proceeded against in criminal court by offices serving 1 million or more residents was 53 and for offices serving between 500,000 to 999,999 residents, 31. Forty-two percent of prosecutors' offices in large districts reported a specialized unit for handling juvenile cases in criminal court, and 23% reported designated attorneys. Half of the offices maintained written guide- lines about proceeding against juveniles in criminal court. A specialized unit for handling juvenile cases in criminal court was reported by 46% of offices serving a district with a population between 500,000 to 999,999 compared to 35% of offices serving a district with population of 1 million or more. Offices serving 1 million or more residents (35%) were more likely than their smaller counterparts (18%) to specifically designate attorneys to handle juvenile cases in criminal cases. Work-related threats or assaults against staff in large districts Seventy-one percent of prosecutors' offices in large districts indicated that a staff member experienced a work- related threat or assault. The chief prosecutor was threatened or assaulted in 41% of the offices, an assistant prosecutor in 65%, and a staff investigator in 22%. Over half of the chief prosecutors and over three-quarters of assistant prosecutors in offices serving 1 million or more received a work-related threat or assault. About 60% of assistant prosecutors and 34% of chief prosecutors employed in offices that served a district between 500,000 to 999,999 experienced a work-related threat or assault. Security measures in prosecutors' offices in large districts Prosecutors' offices in large districts employed a variety of security measures to protect their building and staff. Nearly three-fourths of the offices reported using building guards for protection, and two- thirds indicated the presence of metal detectors. About 57% of offices in large districts had electronic security systems. Police protection was used by 28% of the offices. Police protection was more likely to be used by offices serving 1 million or more (46%) than by offices serving between 500,000 to 999,999 (21%). The chief prosecutor carried a firearm for personal safety or security in 20% of the large districts (not shown in a table). Thirty-seven percent of offices in large districts reported that an assistant prosecutor carried a firearm for personal safety, and 81% indicated a staff investigator did so. DNA evidence used by prosecutors' offices in large districts The use of DNA evidence is a common practice in large district prosecutors' offices as 100% reported using DNA evidence during felony trials and 90% used it during plea negotiations. Three- fourths of the offices reported that a State-operated forensic laboratory performed the DNA analysis. A privately operated forensic laboratory performed the DNA testing for 70% of the offices, a forensic laboratory operated by a local agency for 45%, and the FBI for 25%. Forensic laboratories operated by localities performed DNA analysis for 81% of the offices in a district serving of 1 million or more, compared to 30% of the offices serving between 500,000 to 999,999. ***Footnote 5: For more information on DNA laboratories, see the BJS report Survey of DNA Crime Laboratories, 2001, November 2001, NCJ 179104.*** When asked about problems in the use of DNA evidence, about 70% of large district offices reported at least one instance of excessive delay in getting laboratory results. A quarter of the offices indicated improper collection of evidence by the police. Difficulty in getting the DNA results admitted as evidence was experienced at least once by 3% of the large district offices. Community prosecution in large districts Community prosecution is a proactive approach used by prosecutors' offices to engage in community-based problem solving. Prosecutors' offices coordinate their work with law enforcement, residents, and agencies and organizations to improve public safety and quality of life.***Footnote 6: For more information on community prosecution see Elaine Nugent and Gerard A. Rainville, "The State of Community Prosecution: Results from a National Survey," The Prosecutor, March/ April 2001, pp. 26-33, and the Office of Justice Programs website http://www.ojp. usdoj.gov/prosecution/commlinks.htm>.*** Over 80% of prosecutors' offices in large districts involved the community to help identify crime or problem areas and used tools other than traditional criminal prosecution to address community problems. About two-thirds of the offices indicated assigning prosecutors to specific geographic areas in the community. Three-fourths of the offices in large districts assigned prosecutors to handle community-related activities. All large district offices reported a formal or informal relationship with law enforcement agencies. Most offices also had formal or informal relationships with other government agencies (97%) and community associations (91%). About 84% of the offices reported a formal or informal relationship with private organizations. Eighty-six percent of prosecutors' offices in large districts met regularly with school groups and with advocacy groups. About three- quarters of the offices also indicated meeting regularly with neighborhood associations (76%), business groups (76%), and youth service organizations (72%). Less than half (41%) of the offices met regularly with tenant's associations. Of the offices assigning prosecutors to handle community-related activities, 55% reported that these prosecutors were located outside of the central prosecutors' office. Not shown in the table, of the offices placing prosecutors who handled community-related activities in outside locations, 47% reported prosecutors located in the police department and 47% in a community-based office. The types of offenses handled most often by prosecutors assigned to community related activities were property crime (75%), drug-related crime (74%), violent crime (63%), and juvenile crime (59%). Half (51%) of the large district offices that assigned prosecutors to community related activities indicated that these prosecutors carried a full caseload. Methodology Respondent selection The 2001 National Survey of Prosecutors (NSP) was a census of 2,341 chief prosecutors in the United States that handled felony cases in State courts of general jurisdiction. In 2001 there were 2,341 prosecutorial districts in the Nation, each with one chief prosecutor. The Prosecutor Coordinator Office in each State was contacted and asked to provide the names and addresses of all chief prosecutors in their State and the counties for which these chief prosecutors served. The 114 prosecutors' offices that served a district with a population of at least 500,000 or more residents are the basis of this first report from the 2001 NSP. Data collection The data collection for the 2001 NSP was conducted by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) through a mailed questionnaire consisting of 35 questions on such topics as staffing, funding, special categories of felony prosecutions, caseload, juvenile matters, work-related threats or assaults, DNA evidence, and community related activities. The 2001 NSP questionnaire is available at the BJS website . In May 2001 NORC mailed the 2001 NSP questionnaire to the 114 prosecutors' offices that served districts with a population of 500,000 or more. The remaining 2228 prosecutors' offices were sent questionnaires in June 2001. After the initial mailings, NORC engaged in an extensive follow-up to obtain a returned survey from each of the prosecutors' offices. The follow-up process involved phone calls, e-mail communication, re-mailing questionnaires, and sending follow-up letters. Staff of the National District Attorneys Associations as well as the Prosecutor Coordinator Office in each State assisted NORC in providing follow-up. NORC conducted additional telephone, fax, and e-mail follow-up on completed surveys to obtain responses to unanswered items and to clarify responses to other items. Survey response The response rate for the 114 prosecutors' offices serving a district of 500,000 or more residents was 100%. Data imputations NORC used the simple hot deck method, in which a value was copied from a donor case having similar values or related variables, to impute the data for the number of felony cases closed for 8 offices and for the number of juveniles proceeded against in criminal court for 4 offices. Specifically, NORC used prosecutorial district size to sort the 114 completed cases (prosecutor office surveys) in descending order. A missing value for felony cases closed was imputed as the value of felony cases closed on the case that immediately proceeded the case with missing data. Missing values for the number of juveniles proceeded against in criminal court were imputed in the same way. ------------------------------------------- Prosecutors' office serving districts with a population of 1 million or more, 1994 996, and 2001 Prosecutors' offices serving districts with population of 1 million or more 1996 2001 1994 -------- Total number of prosecutors' offices 33 Total population served/a 63,096,671 Total staff 20,539 Number of assistant prosecutors/b 7,288 Number of victim advocates 454 Number of staff investigators 1,866 Number of support staff 7,466 Median number of staff per office 370 Total budget (in 2001 dollars) $1,101,004,626 Median budget per office (in 2001 dollars) $26,359,651 Total number of felony cases closed 427,563 Percent of offices -- Using DNA evidence in felony trials 96.9% Threats or assaults received by staff member/c 77.4% Chief prosecutor threatened or assaulted 45.2 Assistant prosecutor threatened or assaulted 67.7 Staff investigator threatened or assaulted 41.9 Jurisdiction over traffic violations 68.8% Jurisdiction over child support enforcement 59.4 Jurisdiction over civil lawsuits 37.5 1996 ------ Total number of prosecutors' offices 34 Total population served/a 65,811,198 Total staff 21,084 Number of assistant prosecutors/b 7,378 Number of victim advocates 491 Number of staff investigators 1,844 Number of support staff 7,131 Median number of staff per office 414 Total budget (in 2001 dollars) $1,351,251,104 Median budget per office (in 2001 dollars) $28,865,081 Total number of felony cases closed 438,047 Percent of offices -- Using DNA evidence in felony trials 100.0% Threats or assaults received by staff member/c 78.8% Chief prosecutor threatened or assaulted 51.5 Assistant prosecutor threatened or assaulted 72.7 Staff investigator threatened or assaulted 24.2 Jurisdiction over traffic violations 61.8% Jurisdiction over child support enforcement 61.8 Jurisdiction over civil lawsuits 47.1 2001 ------- Total number of prosecutors' offices 34 Total population served/a 67,888,444 Total staff 23,191 Number of assistant prosecutors/b 8,324 Number of victim advocates 694 Number of staff investigators 2,127 Number of support staff 8,413 Median number of staff per office 456 Total budget (in 2001 dollars) $1,910,000,000 Median budget per office (in 2001 dollars) $32,114,944 Total number of felony cases closed 498,619 Percent of offices -- Using DNA evidence in felony trials 100.0% Threats or assaults received by staff member/c 81.3% Chief prosecutor threatened or assaulted 56.3 Assistant prosecutor threatened or assaulted 78.1 Staff investigator threatened or assaulted 31.3 Jurisdiction over traffic violations 52.9% Jurisdiction over child support enforcement 41.2 Jurisdiction over civil lawsuits 41.2 Note: From 1994 to 1996, Rhode Island dropped from the list of the prosecutors' offices serving 1 million or more and prosecutors offices in Clark County, NV, and Franklin County, OH, were included. From 1996 to 2001, St. Louis County, MO, dropped from the list of prosecutors' offices serving 1 million or more and the 15th Judicial Circuit, FL, was included. Overall, data for staffing were available for 32 offices in 1994 and 34 offices in 1996 and 2001. Data for total budget were available for 32 offices in 1994 and 34 offices in 1996 and 2001. Data for total felony cases closed were available for 26 offices in 1994 and 1996 and 34 offices (estimated for 1 office) in 2001. Data on DNA evidence were available for 32 offices in 1994 and 2001 and for 33 offices in 1996. Data on threats or assaults were available for 31 offices in 1994,33 offices in 1996,and 32 offices in 2001. Data on types of cases handled were available for 32 offices in 1994 and 34 offices in 1996 and 2001. a/Total population served for 1994 uses 1992 estimates, the 1996 population uses 1996 estimates, and the 2001 population uses 1999 estimates. b/Includes supervisory attorneys who litigate cases. c/Staff members refer to the chief prosecutor, assistant prosecutors, and staff investigators. * Between 1994 and 2001 the number of total staff in prosecutors' offices serving 1 million or more residents increased 13%. In terms of specific staff members, the number of assistant prosecutors increased 14%, and the number of victim advocates grew 53%. * The median number of total staff in these offices increased from 370 in 1994 to 456 in 2001, an increase of 23%. * When 1994 budget amounts are adjusted for inflation, prosecutors' offices serving districts of 1 million or more had combined total budgets of over $1.1 billion for prosecutorial functions. In 2001 these offices had combined total budgets of over $1.9 billion, an increase of 73%. * Between 1994 and 2001, the median office budget for these offices, when adjusted for inflation, increased from $26 million to $32 million, an increase of 22%. * In 1994 68% of prosecutors' offices serving a district of 1 million or more reported that an assistant prosecutor was threatened or assaulted compared to 78% in 2001. Similarly, the percentage of offices reporting a threat or assault on the chief prosecutor grew from 42% to 56%. * Between 1994 and 2001 the percentage of offices serving a district of 1 million or more that reported jurisdiction over traffic violations dropped from 69% to 53%. ------------------------------------------- The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Lawrence A. Greenfeld is the acting director. Carol J. DeFrances, Ph.D. wrote this report. At BJS, Sidra L. Gifford provided statistical review. David Carlis, Keonna Feaster, and Dorothea Proctor assisted in compiling the list of 2,341 chief prosecutors; Keonna Feaster also assisted in data collection. Data collection was performed by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC); Natalie Suter was the project director and Annmarie Rosenlund, the assistant project director. At NORC, other project staff included Haider Baig, Angeline Bregianes, Lashanda Carter, Valarie Cook, Angela Hermann, Robert Johnson, Ellen Kaplowitz, Adam Levine, Gloria Rauens, Joanna Small, Victoria Sudler, and Michael Yang. Paula Wulff of the National District Attorneys Association as well as the Prosecutor Coordinator Office in each State assisted with data collection. Elaine Nugent from the American Prosecutors Research Institute, James Polley IV from the National District Attorneys Association, and Paula Wulff reviewed the report. December 2001, NCJ 191206 End of file 12/04/01 ih