U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin --------------------------------------------------------- This report is one in a series. More recent editions may be available. To view a list of all in the series go to http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pubalp2.htm#pjmidyear. Note to readers of the ASCII version: This file is text only without graphics and many of the tables. A Zip archive of the tables in this report in spreadsheet format (.wk1) and the full report including tables and graphics in .pdf format are available from: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/pjim99.htm. --------------------------------------------------------- April 2000, NCJ 181643 Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 1999 By Allen J. Beck, Ph.D. BJS Statistician ------------------------------------------------------ Highlights From yearend 1990 to midyear 1999 -- * The rate of incarceration increased from 1 in every 218 U.S. residents to 1 in every 147. * State, Federal, and local governments had to accommodate an additional 83,743 inmates per year (or the equivalent of 1,610 new inmates per week). In the year ending June 30, 1999 -- * The number of inmates held in jail rose by 13,481, in State prison by 34,238, and in Federal prison by 10,614. The rate of increase was the lowest since 1979 (prisons) and 1996 (jails). On June 30, 1999 -- * An estimated 11% of black males, 4% of Hispanic males, and 1.5% of white males in their twenties and early thirties were in prison or jail. * Men were nearly 12 times more likely than women to be incarcerated. There were 106 female inmates per 100,000 women in the United States, compared to 1,261 male inmates per 100,000 men. * Louisiana had the highest total incarceration rate (1,025 prison and jail inmates per 100,000 residents), followed by Texas (1,014) and Georgia (956). Five States had incarceration rates below 300: Vermont (203), Maine (220), Minnesota (226), North Dakota (239), and Hawaii (291). ---------------------------------------------------------------- At midyear 1999 the Nation's prisons and jails incarcerated 1,860,520 persons. Federal and State prison authorities and local jail authorities held in their custody 682 persons per 100,000 U.S. residents. Prisoners in the custody of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the Federal Government accounted for two-thirds of the incarcerated population (1,254,577 inmates). The other third were held in local jails (605,943). On June 30, 1999, 1,333,561 prisoners were under Federal and State jurisdiction, which includes inmates in custody and persons under the legal authority of a prison system but held outside its facilities. The total increased 4.4% from midyear 1998. Vermont (up 14.9%), Wyoming (up 14.7%), and Delaware (up 14.3%) had the largest percentage increases. Nine States reported decreases, including Rhode Island (-11.2%) and Ohio (-4.5%). At midyear 1999 local jail authorities held or supervised 687,973 offenders -- an increase of 3.5% from midyear 1998. Twelve percent of these offenders (82,030) were supervised outside jail facilities in programs such as community service, work release, weekend reporting, electronic monitoring, and other alternative programs. Nearly 1.9 million inmates were in prisons and local jails On June 30, 1999, 1,254,577 inmates were in the custody of State and Federal prison authorities, and 605,943 inmates were in the custody of local jail authorities. These data were collected in the 1999 National Prisoner Statistics program and the 1999 Census of Jails. Since midyear 1998 the total incarcerated population has increased 3.2% (table 1). The number of inmates in State prisons has increased 3.1%; in Federal prisons, 9.9%; and in local jails, 2.3%. Between yearend 1990 and midyear 1999, the incarcerated population grew on average 5.8% annually. During this period the Federal and State prison populations and the local jail population grew at the average annual rates of 8.5%, 6.1%, and 4.8%, respectively. In the 12 months before midyear 1999, the number of inmates in prison and jail rose an estimated 58,333 inmates, or 1,122 inmates per week. Since yearend 1990, the total custody population has risen by 711,818 inmates, the equivalent of 1,607 inmates per week. The rate of incarceration in prison and jail in 1999 was 682 inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents -- up from 458 per 100,000 in 1990. At midyear 1999, 1 in every 147 U.S. residents were incarcerated. Nation's inmate population projected to reach 2 million by late 2001 * Although future growth is difficult to predict due to declining crime rates and changing Federal, State, and local criminal justice policies, inmate populations can be projected based on recent numerical increases and growth rates. Based on three different sets of assumptions about Federal and State prison and local jail population growth, national estimates have been produced through the end of 2001. * Assuming a continuation of either numerical increases or growth rates for the 12-month period ending June 30, 1999, the total inmate population is projected to reach 2 million around the end of 2001. U.S. prison population rose 4.4% -- the smallest annual growth rate since 1979 Between July 1, 1998, and June 30, 1999, the number of inmates under State jurisdiction grew 3.8%, and the number under Federal jurisdiction, 9.6% (table 2). Jurisdiction counts include prisoners in custody and persons under the legal authority of a prison system while being held outside its facilities. Compared to the previous 12-month period ending June 30, 1998, State prison growth rates were smaller (down to 3.8% from 4.4%), while the Federal prison growth rate was larger (up to 9.6% from 7.9%). In absolute numbers, the total increase of 56,059 prison inmates between July 1, 1998, and June 30, 1999, was slightly smaller than the increase of 57,726 recorded in the previous 12-month period and below the annual average growth (62,414) since 1990. Annual increase in the number of prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, July 1-June 30 Years Jurisdiction Custody 1998-99 56,059 44,852 1997-98 57,726 51,019 1996-97 56,710 47,480 1995-96 57,507 -- 1994-95 90,881 -- 1993-94 72,854 -- 1992-93 69,525 -- 1991-92 51,020 -- 1990-91 49,446 -- Average growth, 1990-99 62,414 Nearly half of the growth in the prison populations during the 12 months ending June 30, 1999, was accounted for by the Federal system (11,470 additional inmates), California (5,781), Georgia (3,471), New York (3,237) and Texas (2,881). During this 12-month period, seven States and the District of Columbia experienced growth of at least 10%, led by Vermont (14.9%), Wyoming (14.7%), Delaware (14.3) and Wisconsin (12.3%). Nine States experienced a decline in their prison population. Rhode Island had the largest decline, -11.2%, followed by Ohio, -4.5%; Hawaii, -3.1%; and North Carolina, -3.0%. Prison incarceration rates have risen sharply since 1990 The incarceration rate of State and Federal prisoners sentenced to more than a year reached 468 per 100,000 U.S. residents on June 30, 1999. Eleven States led by Louisiana (763) sentenced prisoners per 100,000 State residents), Texas (704), Oklahoma (653), and Mississippi (613) exceeded the national rate (table 3). Three States -- Minnesota (121), Maine (128), and North Dakota (130) -- had rates that were less than a third of the national rate. The District of Columbia, which is an urban jurisdiction that should not be compared to States, held 1,600 sentenced prisoners per 100,000 District residents at midyear 1999. Since 1990 the number of sentenced inmates per 100,000 residents has risen an average of 5.7% annually, increasing from 292 to 468. During this period prison incarceration rates rose the most in the South (from 316 to 524) and West (from 277 to 423). The rate in the Midwest rose from 239 to 363, and the rate in the Northeast rose from 232 to 333. The number of sentenced Federal prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents increased from 20 to 40 over the same period. Female prisoner population have nearly doubled since 1990 From July 1, 1998, to June 30, 1999, the number of women under the jurisdiction of State and Federal prison authorities grew from 82,662 to 87,199, an increase of 5.5% (table 4). The number of men rose 4.3%, from 1,194,840 to 1,246,362. At midyear 1999 women accounted for 6.5% of all prisoners, up from 5.7% in 1990. Relative to their number in the U.S. resident population, men were nearly 16 times more likely than women to be in a State or Federal prison. On June 30, 1999, the rate for inmates serving a sentence of more than a year was 57 sentenced female inmates per 100,000 women in the United States, compared to 897 sentenced male inmates per 100,000 men. At midyear the Nation's jails supervised 687,973 persons Based on the 1999 Census of Jails, the Nation's 3,365 local jails held or supervised 687,973 offenders on June 30, 1999 (table 5). Jail authorities supervised 12% of these offenders (82,030) in alternative programs outside the jail facilities. An estimated 605,943 persons were housed in local jails. As defined in this report, jails are locally operated correctional facilities that confine persons before or after adjudication. Inmates sentenced to jail usually have a sentence of a year or less, but jails also incarcerate persons in a wide variety of other categories. (See box below.) Jails -- * receive individuals pending arraignment and hold them awaiting trial, conviction, or sentencing * readmit probation, parole, and bail-bond violators and absconders * temporarily detain juveniles pending transfer to juvenile authorities * hold mentally ill persons pending their movement to appropriate health facilities * hold individuals for the military, for protective custody, for contempt, and for the courts as witnesses * release convicted inmates to the community upon completion of sentence * transfer inmates to Federal, State, or other authorities * house inmates for Federal, State, or other authorities because of crowding of their facilities * relinquish custody of temporary detainees to juvenile and medical authorities * sometimes operate community-based programs as alternatives to incarceration * hold inmates sentenced to short terms (generally under 1 year). In 1995 BJS began to obtain counts of the number of offenders under the supervision of jail authorities in the community. Respondents were asked if their jail jurisdiction operated any community-based programs and how many persons participated in them. Offenders under the supervision of a probation, parole, or other correctional agency were excluded from these counts. Because jail authorities reported offenders in treatment programs administered by the jail jurisdiction in 1999, it is difficult to compare totals with those in 1995. Among persons under community supervision by jail staff in 1999, 25% were required to perform community service (20,139) and 20% to participate in a weekend reporting program (16,089). Twelve percent of offenders in the community were under electronic monitoring, 12% were under pretrial supervision, 10% were in a drug, alcohol, mental health, or other type of medical treatment program, and 9% were in a work release or other alternative work program. 12-month growth in jail inmates in 1999 half the annual rate since 1990 Between July 1, 1998, and June 30, 1999, the number of persons held in local jail facilities grew 2.3% -- from 592,462 to 605,943. The 12-month increase was half the average growth (4.6%) from midyear 1990 to midyear 1999. In absolute numbers, the total increase of 13,481 inmates in 1999 represented the smallest growth since 1996 (in which the number of inmates rose by 11,448) and was significantly smaller than the average annual increase of 22,291 inmates in each 12-month period since midyear 1990. 12-month Percent period increase 1998-99 2.3% 1997-98 4.5% 1996-97 9.4 1995-96 2.3 1994-95 4.2 1993-94 6.7 1992-93 3.4 1991-92 4.2 1990-91 5.2 Annual average, 1990-99 4.6% Since 1990 the Nation's jail population on a per capita basis has increased over a third. During this period the number of jail inmates per 100,000 residents rose from 163 to 222. When offenders under community supervision by jail authorities are included with those in custody, the rate was 252 offenders per 100,000 U.S. residents at midyear 1999. Year Jail incarceration rate* 1999 222 1998 219 1997 212 1996 196 1995 193 1990 163 *Number of jail inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents on July 1 of each year. An estimated 9,458 persons under age 18 were housed in adult jails on June 30, 1999 (table 6). Ninety-one percent of these young inmates had been convicted or were being held for trial as adults in criminal court. (See Methodology, page 11, for changes in the definition of juvenile.) The average daily population for the year ending June 30, 1999, was 607,978, an increase of 2.4% from 1998. Characteristics of jail inmates changed little Male inmates made up 89% of the local jail inmate population at midyear 1999 -- 2 percentage points lower than at midyear 1990 (table 7). On average the adult female jail population has grown 6.8% annually since 1990, while the adult male inmate population has grown 4.2%. On June 30, 1999, local jails held nearly 1 in every 181 adult men and 1 in 1,538 women. At midyear 1999 a majority of local jail inmates were black or Hispanic. White non-Hispanics made up 41.3% of the jail population; black non-Hispanics, 41.5%; Hispanics, 15.5%; and other races (Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Alaska Natives), 1.7%. Relative to their number of U.S. residents, black non-Hispanics were nearly 6 times more likely than white non-Hispanics, nearly 3 times as likely as American Indians, 2« times as likely as Hispanics, and almost 16 times more likely than Asians to have been held in a local jail on June 30, 1999. Per 100,000 residents in Estimated each group count Total 605,943 222 White/a 249,900 127 Black/a 251,800 730 Hispanic 93,800 288 American Indian/b 5,200 247 Asian/c 5,200 46 Note: Inmate counts were estimated and rounded to the nearest 100. a/Non-Hispanic only. b/Includes Alaska Natives. c/Includes Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Over half of adult jail inmates were awaiting trial On June 30, 1999, an estimated 54% of the Nation's adult jail inmates were awaiting court action on their current charge. An estimated 278,400 inmates held in local jails were serving a sentence in jail, awaiting sentencing, or serving time for a probation or parole violation. All jail inmates, midyear 1999 Number Percent Total 605,943 100% Convicted 278,400 45.9 Male 247,300 40.8 Female 31,100 5.1 Unconvicted 327,500 54.1 Male 290,500 48.0 Female 37,000 6.1 47 privately operated jails held nearly 14,000 inmates Based on the 1999 Census of Jails, 47 of the Nation's 3,365 local jails were privately owned or operated (table 8). These jails housed 13,814 inmates (or 2.3% of all jail inmates). In 1993, when the last Census of Jails was conducted, 17 jails were privately operated under contract for local governments. Number of Number of privately oper- inmates on ated jails 06/30/99 California 8 292 Colorado 2 640 Florida 5 1,931 Georgia 1 14 Illinois 1 172 Indiana 1 733 Kansas 1 281 Kentucky 2 491 Minnesota 1 58 Mississippi 1 157 Missouri 1 23 New Mexico 4 1,278 Ohio 2 363 Pennsylvania 5 1,592 Tennessee 3 2,278 Texas 8 3,469 Washington 1 42 Private jails were operated in 17 States -- Texas and Florida had the most facilities (with 8), followed by Florida (5), Pennsylvania (5), New Mexico (4) and Tennessee (3). About 4 in every 10 inmates housed in a private facility were housed in Texas (3,469) or Tennessee (2,278). At midyear 1999, 93% of jail capacity was occupied At midyear 1999 the rated capacity of the Nation's local jails was an estimated 652,321, an increase of 39,541 in 12 months (table 9). Rated capacity is the maximum number of beds or inmates allocated by State or local rating officials to each jail facility. The growth in jail capacity during the 12-month period ending on June 30, 1999, was the largest growth recorded since 1995 (up 41,439) and larger than the average growth of 29,239 beds every 12 months since 1990. As of June 30, 1999, 93% of the local jail capacity was occupied. *** Footnote: On December 31, 1998, State prisons were operating at between 13% and 22% above capacity, while Federal prisons were operating at 27% above capacity. See Prisoners in 1998, August 1999, NCJ 175687.*** As a ratio of all inmates housed in jail facilities to total capacity, the percentage occupied decreased by 11 percentage points from 1990 to 1999. At midyear 1990 local jails operated at 4% above their rated capacity. By midyear 1996 jail jurisdictions added a sufficient number of beds to drop the ratio to 8% below capacity. However, from midyear 1996 to midyear 1998 the inmate population outpaced jail capacity growth. In the 12 months ending June 30, 1999, more beds than inmates were added to the Nation's jails. Half of all jail inmates were held in 7 States at midyear 1999 On June 30, 1999, 7 States incarcerated more than half of all local jail inmates: California (77,142), Texas (57,930), Florida (51,080), New York (33,411), Georgia (32,835), Pennsylvania (26,996), and Louisiana (25,631) (table 10). The 10 States with the smallest jail populations each held fewer than 3,000 inmates. Collectively, jails in these States held only 3.1% of the Nation's total jail population. At midyear the total jail population exceeded jail capacity in seven States and the District of Columbia. Percent of jail State capacity occupied District of Columbia 120% Virginia 118 New Jersey 110 Kentucky 105 Massachusetts 108 Washington 105 California 103 Indiana 102 In six other States, excluding Alaska, the total jail population was below 80% of the combined capacity of all local jails. The lowest occupancy rates were in North Dakota (64%), South Dakota (66%), Utah (68%), Missouri (78%), Arkansas (79%), and Kansas (79%). Among States, Louisiana had the highest jail incarceration rate; Maine, the lowest The number of jail inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents totaled 222 on June 30, 1999. Of the 17 States with rates greater than that for the Nation, 11 were in the South, 4 were in the West, 1 was in the Northeast and 1 in the Midwest. States that had the largest number of jail inmates per 100,000 residents were Louisiana (585), Georgia (421), Tennessee (358), and Florida (337). Four States -- Maine (89), North Dakota (92), Iowa (104) and Minnesota (105) -- had rates that were less than half of the national rate. Louisiana and Texas held at least 1 percent of their State population in prison or jail More than 1% of residents in Louisiana and Texas were in prison or jail at midyear 1999. Louisiana led the Nation with 1,025 prison and jail inmates per 100,000 State residents, followed by Texas (1,014), Georgia (956) and Oklahoma (825). The District of Columbia, an entirely urban jurisdiction, held 1,594 inmates per 100,000 residents. Vermont (203), Maine (220), Minnesota (226), North Dakota (239), and Hawaii (291) held the fewest inmates relative to their State populations. Southern States had significantly higher total incarceration rates than States in other regions. Nine of the 12 States with rates higher than the national total were in the South. Nevada (774 inmates per 100,000 residents), Arizona (761), and California (721) were the only States outside of the South with rates above the national average. The combined prison and jail incarceration rates totaled 797 in the South, followed by 637 in the West, 508 in the Midwest, and 504 in the Northeast. States also varied in the percentage of inmates held in local jails. Among all States at midyear 1999, 35% of inmates were housed in local facilities. Louisiana (with the highest incarceration rate) also had the largest percentage housed in local facilities (57%). Local jails in Tennessee (55%), New Mexico (51%), and Massachusetts (51%) also held more than half of their State's inmates. Excluding States with integrated prison and jail systems, Missouri held the largest proportion of its inmates in its State prisons (79%), followed by Oklahoma (76%) and Michigan (75%). An estimated 11% of black males in their twenties and early thirties were in prison or jail in 1999 When total incarceration rates are estimated separately by age group, black males in their twenties and thirties are found to have very high rates relative to other groups. Among the nearly 1.9 million offenders incarcerated on June 30, 1999, more than 560,000 were black males between the ages of 20 and 39 (table 12). Expressed in terms of percentages, 12.3% of black non-Hispanic males age 25 to 29 were in prison or jail, compared to 4.2% of Hispanic males and about 1.5% of white males in the same age group (table 13). Although incarceration rates drop with age, the percentage of black males age 45 to 54 in prison or jail in 1999 was still nearly 3.4% -- twice the highest rate (1.7%) among white males (age 30 to 34). Female incarceration rates, though significantly lower than male rates at every age, reveal similar racial and ethnic disparities. Black non-Hispanic females (with a prison and jail rate of 375 per 100,000) were 2 1/2 times more likely than Hispanic females (142 per 100,000) and 7 times more likely than white females (53 per 100,000) to be incarcerated in 1999. These differences among white, black, and Hispanic females were consistent across all age groups. Among black non-Hispanic females, the rate was highest (1,362 per 100,000) among those age 30-34. This rate was nearly as large as the highest rate among white males (1,674 per 100,000). Methodology National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) The Bureau of Justice Statistics, with the U.S. Bureau of the Census as its collection agent, obtains yearend and midyear counts of prisoners from departments of correction in each of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. In an effort to collect comparable data from all jurisdictions, NPS distinguishes between prisoners in custody from those under jurisdiction. To have custody of a prisoner, a State must hold that person in one of its facilities. To have jurisdiction, a State has legal authority over the prisoner. Prisoners under a State's jurisdiction may be in the custody of a local jail, another State's prison, or other correctional facility. Some States are unable to provide both custody and jurisdiction counts. (See National Prisoner Statistics jurisdiction notes.) Excluded from NPS counts are persons confined in locally administered confinement facilities who are under the jurisdiction of local authorities. NPS counts include all inmates in State-operated facilities in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont, which have combined jail-prison systems. Census of Jails, 1999 The 1999 Census of Jails was the seventh in a series. Previous censuses were conducted in 1970, 1972, 1978, 1983, 1988. and 1993. As in previous censuses, the U.S. Bureau of the Census collected the data for the Bureau of Justice Statistics. The 1999 census included all locally administered confinement facilities (3,318) that hold inmates beyond arraignment and are staffed by municipal or county employees. The census also included 47 jails that were privately operated under contract for local governments. Included in the census, but excluded from this report due to lack of comparability with previous survey years, were 11 facilities maintained by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and functioning as jails. Excluded from the census were temporary holding facilities, such as drunk tanks and police lockups, that do not hold persons after they are formally charged in court (usually within 72 hours of arrest). Also excluded were State-operated facilities in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont, which have combined jail-prison systems. Fifteen locally operated jails in Alaska were included. After extensive followup, including additional mail requests and repeated telephone contacts, all jail jurisdictions (except 6) provided data on seven critical items -- number under supervision by type; number of inmates by confinement status by gender and age; average daily population; rated capacity; total staff by payroll, non-payroll, full-time and part-time; inmate deaths, and sex of inmate housed. Data on these seven items for non-responding jail jurisdictions were imputed based on data reported in the 1993 Census of Jails. Completed forms with data for all or most items were received for 2,833 jail jurisdictions, resulting in a 92% response rate. These reporting jails housed 96% of all local jail inmates on June 30, 1999. Juveniles State statutes and judicial practices allow juveniles to be incarcerated in adult jails under a variety of circumstances. Because of the differing statutes and practices, however, accurate and comparable data on juveniles are difficult to collect. Beginning in 1994 BJS has provided estimates of the total number of jail inmates under age 18, the number held as adults, and the number held as juveniles. New sampling procedures were also introduced in 1994 to minimize the standard errors of these estimates. National Prisoner Statistics jurisdiction notes Alaska -- Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Jurisdiction counts exclude inmates held in local jails that are operated by communities. Arizona -- Counts are based on custody data. California -- Beginning with the NPS-1 counts for 12/31/98, jurisdiction counts include felons and unsentenced inmates temporarily housed in local jails. Connecticut -- Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Delaware -- Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. District of Columbia -- Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Florida -- Counts are based on custody data. Georgia -- Counts are based on custody data. Hawaii -- Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Illinois -- Counts are based on custody data. Iowa -- Counts are based on custody data. Massachusetts -- All midyear 1999 counts are as of July 4. Jurisdiction counts exclude approximately 5,000 male inmates in the county system (local jails and houses of correction) serving a sentence of over 1 year. These male inmates are included in Massachusetts' incarceration rate. By law, offenders in Massachusetts may be sentenced to terms of up to 2« years in locally operated jails and correctional institutions. Michigan -- Counts are based on custody data. Missouri -- Revised counts for June 30, 1998, exclude persons under house arrest or in halfway house who were reclassified as parolees. Rhode Island -- Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Tennessee -- Jurisdiction counts exclude 3,864 felons sentenced to serve their time in local jails. Tennessee pays to house these felons, but the local court maintains jurisdiction. Vermont -- Prisons and jails form an integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Jurisdiction counts exclude 455 inmates on extended furlough. Wisconsin -- Custody counts exclude inmates held in non-Wisconsin DOC facilities under contract. The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Jan M. Chaiken, Ph.D., is director. BJS Bulletins present the first release of findings from permanent data collection programs such as the National Prisoner Statistics program and the Census of Jails. Allen J. Beck wrote this report. Christopher J. Mumola and James J. Stephan provided statistical review and verification. Tom Hester edited and produced the report. Jayne E. Robinson administered final production. Data collection and processing for the National Prisoner Statistics program were carried out by Brian DeVos under the supervision of Marilyn Monahan and Gertrude Odom, Demographic Surveys Division, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. Data collection and processing for the Census of Jails were carried out by Pam Butler, Lisa McNelis, and Duane Cavanaugh, with assistance from Martha Greene, Martha Hasel- bush, Patricia Torreyson and Bill Bryner, under the supervision of Stephanie Brown, Governments Division, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. James Stephan and Allen Beck developed the census forms and supervised data collection. April 2000, NCJ 181643 End of file 4/11/00 ih