U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2005 May 2006, NCJ 213133 ------------------------------------------------------ This file is text only without graphics and many of the tables. A Zip archive of the tables in this report in spreadsheet format (.csv) and the full report including tables and graphics in .pdf format are available from: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/pjim05.htm This report is one in a series. More recent editions may be available. To view a list of all in the series go to http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pubalp2.htm#pjim ------------------------------------------------------- Paige M. Harrison and Allen J. Beck, Ph.D. BJS Statisticians ----------------------------------------------------- Highlights Nation's prison population rose 1.6%; jail population, 4.7% From midyear 2004 to midyear 2005 -- * The number of inmates in custody in local jails rose by 33,539; in State prison by 15,858; and in Federal prison by 6,584. * The smaller State prison systems had the greatest percentage increase: Montana (up 7.9%) and South Dakota (up 7.8%). On June 30, 2005 -- * A total of 2,266 State prisoners were under age 18. Adult jails held a total of 6,759 persons under age 18. * State and Federal correctional authorities held 91,117 noncitizens (6.4% of all prisoners), down from 91,815 at midyear 2004. * There were 129 female prison and jail inmates per 100,000 women in the United States, compared to 1,366 male prison and jail inmates per 100,000 men. * An estimated 12% of black males, 3.7% of Hispanic males, and 1.7% of white males in their late twenties were in prison or jail. * In three States--Iowa, South Dakota, and Wisconsin--black prison and jail inmates represented 4% of the black State population. Pennsylvania (with 1,714 Hispanic inmates per 100,000 Hispanic residents) and Idaho(1,654) had the highest Hispanic incarceration rates. * Local jails were operating 5% below their rated capacity. In contrast, at yearend 2004 State prison systems were between 1% below capacity and 15% above; the Federal prison system was operating at 40% above rated capacity. * Privately operated prison facilities held 101,228 inmates (up 2.7% since midyear 2004). The Federal system reported the largest increase among inmates in private prisons (up 2,038). --------------------------------------------------------- At midyear 2005 the Nation's prisons and jails incarcerated 2,186,230 persons. Prisoners in the custody of the 50 States and the Federal system accounted for two-thirds of the incarcerated population (1,438,701) inmates). The other third were held in local jails (747,529), not including persons in community-based programs.***Foot note 1: See box on page 7 for description of jail populations.*** On June 30, 2005, 1,512,823 prisoners were under Federal and State jurisdiction, which includes inmates in custody and persons under the legal authority of a prison system but held outside its facilities. During the 12-month period ending June 30, 2005, the number under State jurisdiction rose 1.2%, while the number under Federal jurisdiction rose 2.9%. Montana (up 7.9%), South Dakota (up 7.8%), Minnesota (up 6.7%), and Kentucky(up 6.4%)had the largest percentage increases. Twelve States had decreases, including Vermont (-2.9%), Idaho (-2.8%), and New York (-2.5%). At midyear 2005 local jail authorities held or supervised 819,434 offenders. Nine percent of these offenders (71,905) were supervised outside jail facilities in programs such as community service, work release, weekend reporting, electronic monitoring, and other alternative programs. Incarceration rate for Nation reaches 738 per 100,000 residents On June 30, 2005, 1,431,468 inmates were in the custody of State and Federal prison authorities, and 747,529 inmates were in the custody of local jail authorities. In the first 6 months of 2005, the Nation's prison population increased 16,622 (1.2%). These data were collected in the 2005 National Prisoner Statistics program and the 2005 Census of Jail Inmates. (See Methodology, page 11, for a description of data collections.) Since midyear 2004 the total incarcerated population has increased 2.6%. Including inmates in privately operated facilities, the number of inmates in State prisons increased 1.3%; in Federal prisons, 3.9%; and in local jails, 4.7%. At midyear 2005 Federal prisons (including all secure and non-secure public and private facilities) held 8.4% of all inmates, up from 5.6% in 1995. In the decade between yearend 1995 and midyear 2005, the incarceration population grew an average of 3.4% annually. During this period the Federal and State prison populations and the local jail population grew at the average annual rates of 7.4%, 2.5%, and 3.9%, respectively. In the 12 months before midyear 2005, the number of inmates in prison and jails rose an estimated 56,428 inmates, or 1,085 per week. The rate of incarceration in prison and jail in 2005 was 738 inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents--up from 725 at midyear 2004. At midyear 2005, 1 in every 136 U.S. residents were in prison or jail. Federal system growth continues to outpace that of States The rate of growth of the State prison population slowed between 1995 and 2001 and then began to rise. During this time the percentage change in the first 6 months of each year steadily decreased, reaching a low of 0.6% in 2001, and then rose to 1.0% in 2005. The percentage change in the second 6 months of each year showed a similar trend, resulting in an actual decrease in State prison populations for the second half of 2000 and 2001. Since 1995 the Federal system has grown at a much higher rate than the States, peaking at 6.0% growth in the first 6 months of 1999. In the first 6 months of 2005, the number of Federal inmates increased 2.3%, more than twice the rate of State growth. Some of the Federal growth since 1999 has been the result of the transfer of responsibility for housing sentenced felons from the District of Columbia (DC). The transfer to Federal facilities was completed by yearend 2001. Since then, the Federal system has continued to receive sentenced felons from DC Superior Court. In absolute numbers the total increase of 20,989 State and Federal prison inmates between July 1, 2004, and June 30, 2005, was significantly lower than the growth during the previous 12-month period (27,637 inmates). The percentage change from midyear 2004 to midyear 2005 (1.4%) was also smaller than the percentage change between 2003 and 2004 (1.9%). The average annual growth from 1995 to 2005 was 3.0%. Federal system accounts for over 25% of inmate population increase Twenty-five percent of the Nation's prison population growth during the 12 months ending June 30, 2005, was accounted for by the 5,274 additional inmates under jurisdiction of the Federal system. During this 12-month period, several States also experienced substantial growth, including Montana (7.9%), South Dakota (7.8%), and Minnesota (6.7%). Twelve States experienced a decline in their prison population. Vermont had the largest percentage decrease (-2.9%), followed by Idaho (-2.8%) and New York (-2.5%). ---------------------------------------------------- Prison incarceration rates continue to rise The incarceration rate of State and Federal prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year was 488 per 100,000 U.S. residents on June 30, 2005, up from 486 per 100,000 December 31, 2004. At midyear 2005, 10 States exceeded the national rate led by Louisiana with 824 sentenced prisoners per 100,000 State residents, Texas with 703, and Mississippi with 682. Nine States had rates that were less than half of the national rate including Maine (153), Minnesota and Rhode Island (both 179), and New Hampshire (196). Overall, the State incarceration rate rose about 14% between yearend 1995 and midyear 2005, from 379 to 433 prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents. At the same time the Federal incarceration rate rose 72%, from 32 to 55 prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents. Since yearend 1995 the total number of sentenced inmates per 100,000 residents has risen from 411 to 488. During this period prison incarceration rates rose most in the Midwest (from 310 to 380), followed by the West (from 358 to 421) and the South (from 483 to 542). The rate in the Northwest decreased slightly from 301 to 298. A quarter of inmates in private facilities held for Federal system In the 12 months ending June 30, 2005, the number of prisoners held in privately operated facilities increased from 98,570 to 101,228, an increase of 2.7%. Overall, private facilities held 6.7% of all State and Federal inmates, up from 6.6% at midyear 2004. The Federal system (26,544), Texas (15,414), Oklahoma (5,812), and Florida (5,423) reported the largest number of inmates in private facilities at midyear 2005. Four States, all in the West, had at least a quarter of their prisoners in private facilities. ----------------------------------------------- Female inmate population continues to rise at a faster rate than male inmate population From June 30, 2004, to June 30, 2005, the number of women under the jurisdiction of State and Federal prison authorities grew from 102,691 to 106,174, an increase of 3.4%. The number of men rose 1.3%, from 1,389,143 to 1,406,649. At midyear 2005 California, Texas, Florida, and the Federal system housed 4 of every 10 female inmates. Since 1995 the annual rate of growth in the number of female inmates has averaged 4.7%, higher than the 3.0% average increase of male inmates. Women accounted for 7.0% of all inmates at midyear 2005, up from 6.1% at yearend 1995. Relative to their number in the U.S. resident population, men were over 14 times more likely than women to be incarcerated in a State or Federal prison. On June 30, 2005, the rate for inmates serving a sentence of more than 1 year was 64 female inmates per 100,000 women in the United States, compared to 925 male inmates per 100,000 men. Number of State inmates under age 18 continues to decline A total of 2,266 State prisoners were under age 18 on June 30, 2005, down from 2,485 at midyear 2004. The number of minors held in State prisons peaked in 1995 at 5,309 and has since decreased every year. Overall, 0.2% of all State prisoners were under age 18. Six States reported more than 100 prisoners under age 18 at midyear 2005, led by Connecticut(383), New York(223), Florida (185), and North Carolina (169). Two of these States reported an increase in their under age 18 populations held in prison during the 12 months ending June 30, 2005, while the rest experienced declines. Three States reported no inmates under age 18, and another 19 States had 10 or fewer inmates under age 18. At midyear 2005, 61% of noncitizen prisoners held in State facilities; 39% in Federal facilities On June 30, 2005, 91,117 noncitizens were in the custody of State or Federal correctional authorities, down from 91,815 at midyear 2004. Overall, 6.4% of State and Federal inmates at midyear 2005 were not U.S. citizens. The noncitizen prisoner population increased between 1998 and 1999, and since then it has remained nearly stable, increasing about 2.6% between midyear 1999 and midyear 2005. At midyear 2005, 35,285 Federal inmates were noncitizens, representing about 19% of all prisoners in Federal custody. California(16,613), Texas(9,346), New York(7,444), Florida (4,772), and Arizona (4,179) held over 75% of all noncitizens confined in State prisons. Noncitizen prisoners accounted for over 10% of the prison populations of Arizona, New York, Nevada, and California. Growth continues as rising admissions outpace releases From 2000 to 2004 admissions to State prison rose 11.5%(from 625,219 in 2000 to 697,066 in 2004). During 2004, 672,202 sentenced prisoners were released from State prisons, up from 604,858 in 2000 -- an increase of 11.1%. Admissions to the Federal prison system increased 21.2% between 2000 and 2004 (from 43,732 to 52,982); releases increased 32.2% (35,259 to 46,624). The number of admissions to Federal prison in 2004 exceeded releases by more than 6,300 inmates. New court commitments on the rise Prior to 1998 growth in prison admissions reflected increasing numbers of offenders returning for parole violations. Between 1990 and 1998 the number of returned parole violators increased 54% (from 133,870 to 206,152), while the number of new court commitments increased 7% (from 323,069 to 347,270). However, since 1998, parole violators returned to prison increased by less than 6%, while new court commitments rose 18%. At midyear the Nation's jails supervised 819,434 persons Based on the 2005 Census of Jail Inmates, the Nation's local jails held or supervised 819,434 offenders on June 30, 2005. Jail authorities supervised 9% of these offenders(71,905)in alternative programs outside the jail facilities. A total of 747,529 persons were housed in local jails. ----------------------------------- Jail populations As defined in this report, jails are locally operated correctional facilities that confine persons before or after adjudication. Inmates sentenced to jail usually have a sentence of 1 year or less. Jails also -- * receive individuals pending arraignment and hold them awaiting trial, conviction, or sentencing * readmit probation, parole, and bail-bond violators and absconders * temporarily detain juveniles pending transfer to juvenile authorities * hold mentally ill persons pending their movement to appropriate mental health facilities * hold individuals for the military, for protective custody, for contempt, and for the courts as witnesses * release convicted inmates to the community upon completion of sentence * transfer inmates to Federal, State, or other authorities * house inmates for Federal, State, or other authorities because of crowding of their facilities * sometimes operate community-based programs as alternatives to incarceration. ------------------------------------- Among persons under community supervision by jail staff in 2005, 22% were required to perform community service (15,536) and 20% participated in a weekend reporting program (14,110). Sixteen percent of offenders in the community were under electronic monitoring; 21% were under other pretrial supervision; 3% were in a drug, alcohol, mental health, or other type of medical treatment program; and 10% were participating in a work release or other alternative work program. Number of jail inmates rose 33,539 in 12 months ending June 30, 2005 Between July 1, 2004 and June 30, 2005, the number of persons held in local jail facilities grew 4.7%--from 713,990 to 747,529. The 12-month increase was larger than the average annual growth(3.9%) from midyear 1995 to midyear 2005. The 4.7% growth in 2005 was the largest annual growth since the 5.4% growth in 2002. In absolute numbers the total increase of 33,539 inmates in 2005 was the largest increase since 1997 (48,587 new inmates). Jail incarceration rates rose in the last 12-month period Since 1995 the Nation's jail population on a per capita basis has increased 31%. During this period the number of jail inmates per 100,000 residents rose from 193 to 252. When individuals under community supervision by jail authorities are included with those in custody, the rate was 276 persons per 100,000 U.S. residents at midyear 2005. A total of 6,759 persons under age 18 were housed in adult jails on June 30, 2005. Approximately 85% of these young inmates had been convicted or were being held for trial as adults in criminal court. The average daily population for the year ending June 30, 2005, was 733,442, an increase of 3.9% from 2004 and 43.9% from 1995. Characteristics of jail inmate population changing gradually Male inmates made up 87.3% of the local jail inmate population at midyear 2005 -- 2.5 percentage points lower than at midyear 1995. During the 12-month period ending June 30, 2005, the number of adult female inmates rose 8.0%, while the number of adult male inmates increased 4.3%. On average the adult female jail population has grown 6.2% annually in the past 10 years, while the adult male population has grown 3.7%. At midyear 2005 nearly 6 in 10 persons in local jails were racial or ethnic minorities. Whites made up 44.3% of the jail population; blacks, 38.9%; Hispanics, 15.0%; and other races (American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders), 1.7%. On a per capita basis, men were over 7 times more likely than women to have been held in a local jail on June 30, 2005. Blacks were nearly 5 times more likely than whites, nearly 3 times more likely than Hispanics, and over 9 times more likely than persons of other races to have been in jail. On June 30, 2005, 62% of the Nation's jail inmates were awaiting court action on their current charge. An estimated 284,400 inmates held in local jails were serving a sentence in jail, awaiting sentencing, or serving time for a probation or parole violation. As a percent of all jail inmates, the percent convicted has dropped from 44.0% at midyear 2000 to 38.0% at midyear 2005. At midyear 2005, 95% of jail capacity was occupied In the 12 months ending June 30, 2005, fewer beds than inmates were added to the Nation's jails. At midyear 2005 the rated capacity of local jails was estimated at 789,001 beds, an increase of 33,398 in 12 months. In the same 12-month period, an additional 33,539 inmates were added to the local jail population. Rated capacity is the maximum number of beds or inmates allocated by State or local rating officials to each jail facility. The growth in jail capacity during the 12-month period ending June 30, 2005, was larger (33,398) than the average growth of 24,229 beds every 12 months since midyear 1995, and was the largest growth since 1999 (39,541). As of June 30, 2005, 95% of the local jail capacity was occupied.***footnote 2: On December 31, 2004, State prison systems were between 1% below and 15% above capacity. The Federal prison system was operating at 40% above capacity. See Prisoners in 2004, October 2005, NCJ 210677.*** As a ratio of all inmates housed in jail facilities to total capacity, the percentage occupied increased steadily since 2001 (up 5 percentage points). A third of all jail inmates were held in 4 States at midyear 2005 On June 30, 2005, 4 States incarcerated more than a third of all local jail inmates: California (82,138), Texas (66,534), Florida (63,620), and Georgia (44,965). The 10 States with the smallest jail populations each held fewer than 4,000 inmates. Collectively, jails in these States held only 3.1% of the Nation's total jail population. The number of jail inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents totaled 252 on June 30, 2005. Of the 21 States with rates greater than that the national average, 11 were in the South, 7 were in the West, 2 in the Midwest, and 1 was in the Northeast. States that had the largest number of jail inmates per 100,000 residents were Louisiana (703), Georgia (496), New Mexico (442), Tennessee (406), and Kentucky (402). Five States--Maine (117), Iowa (123), New Hampshire (132), and Minnesota and North Dakota (both 137)--had rates that were less than 150 jail inmates per 100,000 State residents. The District of Columbia, a entirely urban jurisdiction, had a rate of 645 jail inmates. Louisiana and Georgia held at least 1% of their State population in prison or jail More than 1% of residents in Louisiana and Georgia were in prison or jail at midyear 2005. Louisiana led the Nation with 1,138 prison and jail inmates per 100,000 State residents, followed by Georgia (1,021) and Texas (976). Maine (273), Minnesota (300), Rhode Island (313), and Vermont (317) held the fewest inmates relative to their State populations. Southern States had significantly higher total incarceration rates than States in other regions. Ten of the 14 States with rates higher than the national total were in the South. Arizona (808 inmates per 100,000 residents), New Mexico (782), Idaho (784), and Nevada (752) were the only States outside of the South with rates above the national average. The combined prison and jail incarceration rates totaled 846 in the South, followed by 663 in the West, 563 in the Midwest, and 494 in the Northeast. States also varied in the percentage of inmates held in local jails. Among all States at midyear 2005, 37% of inmates were housed in local facilities. Louisiana (with the highest incarceration rate) also had the largest percentage housed in local facilities (62%). Local jails in Utah (59%), New Mexico (57%), Kentucky (56%), Tennessee (55%), Massachusetts (55%), and West Virginia (51%) also held more than half of their State's inmates. Excluding States with integrated prison and jail systems, Missouri held the largest proportion of its inmates in its State prisons (75%), followed by Michigan (73%). An estimated 12% of black males in their late twenties were in prison or jail in 2005 When total incarceration rates are estimated separately by age group, black males in their twenties and thirties are found to have very high rates relative to other groups. Among the nearly 2.2 million offenders incarcerated on June 30, 2005, an estimated 548,300 were black males between the ages of 20 and 39. Of black non-Hispanic males age 25 to 29, 11.9% were in prison or jail, compared to 3.9% of Hispanic males and about 1.7% of white males in the same age group. In general, the incarceration rates for black males of all ages were 5 to 7 times greater than those for white males in the same age groups. Female incarceration rates, though significantly lower than male rates at every age, reveal similar racial and ethnic disparities. The incarceration rate for Black non-Hispanic females was 347 per 100,000 almost 22 times higher than the rate for Hispanic females (144 per 100,000) and 4 times higher than the rate for white females (88 per 100,000). These differences among white, black, and Hispanic females were consistent across all age groups. Black incarceration rate highest in South Dakota; Hispanic rate highest in Pennsylvania When incarceration rates by State (excluding Federal inmates) are estimated separately by gender, race, and Hispanic origin, male rates are found to be 10 times higher than female rates; black rates 5® times higher than white rates; and Hispanic rates nearly 2 times higher than white rates. The largest differences in incarceration rates between men and women are in New York (16® times higher for men) and Rhode Island (16 times higher for men). The largest differences in rates between whites and blacks are in Iowa (14 times higher for blacks) and Connecticut, New Jersey, and Vermont (more than 12 times higher for blacks), and between whites and Hispanics in Connecticut and Massachusetts (more than 6 times higher for Hispanics). South Dakota led the Nation with an estimated 4,710 black prison and jail inmates per 100,000 black State residents, followed by Wisconsin (4,416), and Iowa (4,200). Pennsylvania with 1,714 Hispanic inmates per 100,000 Hispanic residents, Idaho (1,654), and Connecticut (1,401) had the highest Hispanic incarceration rates. Methodology National Prisoner Statistics The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), with the U.S. Census Bureau as its collection agent, obtains yearend and midyear counts of prisoners from departments of correction in each of the 50 States and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. The National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) distinguishes prisoners in custody from those under jurisdiction. To have custody of a prisoner, a State must hold that person in one of its facilities. To have jurisdiction means that a State has legal authority over the prisoner. Prisoners under a State's jurisdiction may be in the custody of a local jail, another State's prison, or other correctional facility. Some States are unable to provide both custody and jurisdiction counts. Excluded from NPS counts are persons confined in locally administered confinement facilities who are under the jurisdiction of local authorities. NPS counts include all inmates in State-operated facilities in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont, which have combined jail-prison systems. NPS excludes inmates held by the District of Columbia (DC), which as of yearend 2001 operated only a jail system. (See National Prisoner Statistics jurisdiction notes, page 13, appended to the report in portable document format(pdf) on the BJS website .) Census of Jail Inmates, 2005 The 2005 Census of Jail Inmates was the eighth in a series. Previous censuses of jails were conducted in 1970, 1972, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1999. To reduce respondent burden and improve data quality and timeliness, the census was split into two parts: the Census of Jail Inmates, 2005, and the Census of Jail Facilities, 2006, (to be conducted on March 31, 2006). As in previous censuses, the U.S. Census Bureau was the collection agent for BJS. The 2005 Census of Jail Inmates included all locally administered confinement facilities (under the authority of 2,853 local jurisdictions). These facilities are intended for adults but sometimes hold juveniles. They hold inmates beyond arraignment and are staffed by municipal or county employees. The census also included 42 jails that were privately operated under contract for local governments and 65 multi-jurisdiction jails that were administered by two or more local governments. Included in the census, but excluded from this report due to lack of comparability with previous survey years, were 13 facilities maintained by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and functioning as jails. Excluded from the census were temporary holding facilities, such as drunk tanks and police lockups, that do not hold persons after they are formally charged in court (usually within 72 hours of arrest). Also excluded were State-operated facilities in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont, which have combined jail-prison systems. Fourteen locally operated jails in Alaska were included. All jail jurisdictions responded to the census, resulting in a 100% response rate. ----------------------------------------- This report in portable document format and in ASCII and its related statistical data and tables are available at the BJS World Wide Web Internet site: ----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Jeffrey L. Sedgwick is Director. BJS Bulletins present the first release of findings from permanent data collection programs such as the National Prisoner Statistics program and the Census of Jail Inmates. Paige M. Harrison and Allen J. Beck wrote this report. Jennifer C. Karberg and Seri Palla verified the report and provided statistical assistance. Tina Dorsey and Marianne W. Zawitz produced and edited the report. Lisa A. McNelis and Pamela H. Butler carried out data collection and processing under the supervision of Charlene M. Sebold, Governments Division, Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. Martha A. Greene and Patricia D. Torreyson assisted in data collection. Duane H. Cavanaugh and Diron J. Gaskins provided technical assistance. May 2006, NCJ 213133 ------------------------------------------ National Prisoner Statistics jurisdiction notes Alaska--Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Jurisdiction counts exclude inmates held in local jails that are operated by communities. Arizona-- Counts are based on custody data. California--Jurisdiction counts include unsentenced inmates temporarily housed in local jails or in hospitals. Colorado--Counts include 71 inmates housed in local jails, 3,074 inmates in Colorado contract, and 235 inmates in the Youthful Offender System, which was established primarily for violent juvenile offenders. Counts of inmates with sentences of more than 1 year include an undetermined number with a sentence of 1 year or less. Report foreign-born inmates rather than noncitizens. Connecticut--Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Delaware--Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Federal--Custody counts include inmates housed in privately operated secure facilities under contract with BOP or with a State or local government that has an intergovernmental agreement. Also includes inmates held in privately operated community correctional centers. Racial categories include 42,028 inmates of Hispanic origin. Georgia--Counts are based on custody data. Hawaii--Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Illinois--Counts are based on jurisdiction data. Counts of inmates with sentences of more than 1 year include an undetermined number with a sentence of 1 year. Iowa--Counts are based on custody data. Counts of inmates with sentences of more than 1 year include an undetermined number with a sentence of 1 year or less and unsentenced inmates. Kansas--Counts of inmates with sentences of more than 1 year include an undetermined number with a sentence of 1 year or less. Louisiana--Counts include 16,218 males and 1,445 females housed in local jails as a result of a partnership with the Louisiana Sheriff's Association and local authorities. Maryland--Counts by sentence length are estimates extracted from actual sentence length breakdowns from automated data and applied to totals based on manual data. Report foreign- born inmates rather than noncitizens. Massachusetts--Jurisdiction counts exclude approximately 6,200 male inmates in the county system (local jails and houses of correction) serving a sentence of over 1 year. These male inmates are included in Massachusetts' incarceration rate. By law offenders may be sentenced to terms up to 21/2 years in locally operated jails and correctional institutions. Michigan--Jurisdictions counts exclude inmates who are out to court. Missouri--Report foreign-born inmates rather than noncitizens. New Jersey--Counts of inmates with sentences of more than 1 year include an undetermined number with a sentence of 1 year. New York--Report foreign-born inmates rather than noncitizens. Ohio--Counts of inmates with sentences of more than 1 year include an undetermined number with a sentence of 1 year or less. Oklahoma--Counts of inmates with sentences of more than 1 year include an undetermined number with a sentence of 1 year or less. Rhode Island--Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Tennessee--Report foreign-born inmates rather than noncitizens. Vermont--Prisons and jails form an integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Wisconsin--Custody counts exclude inmates held in non- Wisconsin DOC facilities under contract. End of file 06/14/06 td