U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics ------------------------------------------------------- This file is text only without graphics and many of the tables. A Zip archive of the tables in this report in spreadsheet format (.csv) and the full report including tables and graphics in .pdf format are available on BJS website at: http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5115 This report is one in a series. More recent editions may be available. To view a list of all in the series go to http://bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbse&sid=76 ------------------------------------------------------- Statistical Tables Mortality in Local Jails and State Prisons, 2000–2012 - Statistical Tables Margaret E. Noonan, BJS Statistician, and Scott Ginder, RTI International In 2012, 4,309 inmates died while in the custody of local jails or state prisons—an increase of 2% (67 deaths) from 2011. The number of deaths in local jails increased, from 889 in 2011 to 958 in 2012, which marked the first increase since 2009 (figure 1). The increase in deaths in local jails was primarily due to an increase in illness-related deaths (up 24%).These deaths accounted for 97% of the total increase in deaths in jails and prisons in 2012. The overall mortality rate in local jails increased 4%, from 123 deaths per 100,000 local jail inmates in 2011 to 128 deaths per 100,000 in 2012. Suicide continued to be the leading cause of death in local jails (40 suicides per 100,000 jail inmates); however, the suicide rate declined 4% in 2012 and has declined 17% since 2000. Heart disease was the leading cause of illness-related deaths in local jails, increasing 14% in 2012. The rate of AIDS-related deaths in local jails increased from 2 deaths per 100,000 inmates in 2011 to 3 per 100,000 in 2012, the first increase since 2006. Despite the increase in 2012, AIDS-related deaths have decreased 63% in jails since 2000. Most jail jurisdictions (81%) reported no deaths in 2012, which was consistent with previous years. Mortality in jails varied by size of jail population between 2000 and 2012. The smallest jail jurisdictions had the highest mortality rates, but these jurisdictions averaged less than 1 death annually (figure 2). In 2012, a total of 3,351 deaths (78% of all deaths in correctional facilities) occurred in state prisons, which was nearly equal to the number of deaths in 2011 (3,353). Although the number of deaths in state prisons remained constant, the overall mortality rate in prisons increased 2% in 2012. The increase from 2011 to 2012 was largely due to decrease in the prison population. In 2012, cancer continued to be the leading cause of death in state prisons, and the cancer mortality rate remained stable. The mortality rate for heart disease—the second leading cause of death in state prisons—decreased 5% in 2012. For the first time since 2005, the rate of AIDS-related deaths in prisons increased from 4 deaths per 100,000 prisoners in 2011 to 6 per 100,000 in 2012. Despite the rate increase, the number of AIDS-related deaths in state prisons has declined 73% since 2001. Data in this report were developed from the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ (BJS) Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP), an annual data collection about inmate deaths in local jails and state prisons. The program began collecting data from jails in 2000 and from prisons in 2001. This report covers deaths in custody occurring in local jails and state prisons between 2000 and 2012. Statistical tables provide information about the causes and circumstances of local jail and state prison inmate deaths and present trends by cause of death, selected decedent characteristics, and mortality rates for jail and prison inmates by state. ***************************** Mortality in local jails ***************************** Cause of death **************** * The number of deaths in local jails increased 8%, from 889 deaths in 2011 to 958 in 2012. This marked the first annual increase in the number of deaths in local jails since 2009 (table 1). * Illness-related deaths accounted for over half (55%) of all deaths in local jails in 2012. Heart disease (28%) continued to be the leading cause of illness-related deaths in local jails in 2012 (table 2). * The overall mortality rate in local jails increased 4%, from 123 deaths per 100,000 local jail inmates in 2011 to 128 per 100,000 in 2012. This was the first substantial increase since the mortality rate declined 13% in 2008 (table 3). Decedent characteristics *************************** * While suicide continued to be the leading cause of death in local jails (40 suicides per 100,000 jail inmates), the suicide rate declined 4% in 2012. * In 2012, males accounted for 836 deaths in local jails, and females accounted for 122 deaths. Male inmate deaths made up 84% of the total increase in jail inmate deaths in 2012 (table 4). * More than a third (36%) of deaths in local jails occurred within 7 days of admission (table 5). * Inmates age 45 or older experienced the largest increase in mortality among all age groups (up 16%) and accounted for about half (51%) of all deaths in jail facilities in 2012 (table 5). * Mortality rates among non-Hispanic white inmates and non-Hispanic black inmates increased in 2012, while mortality rates decreased for Hispanic inmates (table 6). * The average annual suicide rate for white jail inmates between 2000 and 2012 (80 suicides per 100,000 jail inmates) remained at least three times higher than any other race or Hispanic origin (table 8). Facility characteristics ************************** * The majority (81%) of jails reported no deaths in 2012, which was consistent with previous years (table 9). Among the 538 jail jurisdictions that reported an inmate death, the majority (373) reported a single death. * In 2012, California’s jail population increased 11%, while the national jail population increased 4% (table 11). Mortality in state prisons Cause of death *************** * A total of 3,351 deaths occurred in state prisons in 2012—two fewer deaths than in 2011 (table 15). * Illness-related deaths accounted for the majority (88%) of deaths in state prisons (table 16). * In 2012, cancer remained the leading cause of death in prisons (81 deaths per 100,000 state prisoners), followed by heart disease (63 per 100,000) (table 17). * The AIDS-related mortality rate (up 32%) increased for the first time ince the DCRP began collecting prison data in 2001, from 4 deaths per 100,000 state prisoners in 2011 to 6 per 100,000 in 2012. * The homicide rate in state prisons increased 24%, from 5 homicides per 100,000 state prisoners in 2011 to 7 per 100,000 in 2012. Decedent characteristics ************************* * Male prisoners accounted for the majority (97%) of deaths in state prisons in 2012 (table 19). * Persons age 55 or older made up more than half (55%) of deaths in prisons. * Male prisoners accounted for nearly all (99%) homicides in state prisons from 2001 to 2012 (table 21). * Suicide (5%) was the most common unnatural cause of death among female prisoners from 2001 to 2012. * Male prisoners had higher mortality rates than female prisoners, regardless of cause of death (table 22). * From 2001 to 2012, the average annual mortality rate for male prisoners (260 deaths per 100,000 state prisoners) was 1.7 times higher than for female prisoners (149 per 100,000) (table 22). * With the exception of AIDS-related deaths, white prisoners had the highest average annual mortality rate for all illness-related causes of death from 2001 to 2012. AIDS-related deaths were highest among black prisoners (18 deaths per 100,000 state prisoners) and were at least two times higher than for prisoners of different races or Hispanic origin. * From 2001 to 2012, the suicide rate for prisoners age 17 or younger was nearly two times higher than for older inmates. * The total state prison population in custody declined 2% in 2012. Most demographic groups exhibited some population decline; however, the populations for inmates ages 17 or younger and 54 and older increased (table 23). Deaths by jurisdiction *************************** * The number of deaths in federal prisons (350 deaths) declined 10% in 2012, the first decrease in the previous 2 years (table 24). * The mortality rate of federal prisoners declined, from 220 deaths per 100,000 federal prisoners in 2011 to 198 per 100,000 in 2012 (table 25). * California state prisons reported 22 fewer deaths in 2012 than in 2011— the smallest number of deaths reported by California (366 deaths) since 2005. The observed increase in the mortality is largely due to the decrease in the California prison population. * From 2001 to 2012, the average annual mortality rate for state prisoners varied by state. The median mortality rate across all states was 242 deaths per 100,000 state prisoners (table 27). * Overall mortality rates and mortality rates by state and cause of death may not be directly compared between states due to differences in age, sex, race or Hispanic origin, and other decedent characteristics. ******************************************* List of tables ***************** Table 1 Number of local jail inmate deaths, by cause of death, 2000–2012 6 Table 2 Percent of local jail inmate deaths, by cause of death, 2000–2012 6 Table 3 Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2012 7 Table 4 Number of local jail inmate deaths, by selected decedent characteristics, 2000–2012 8 Table 5 Percent of local jail inmate deaths, by selected decedent characteristics, 2000–2012 9 Table 6 Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by selected decedent characteristics, 2000–2012 10 Table 7 Number of local jail inmate deaths, by cause of death and selected decedent characteristics, 2000–2012 11 Table 8 Average annual mortality rate per 100,000 jail inmates, by cause of death and selected decedent characteristics, 2000–2012 12 Table 9 Number and percent of local jail jurisdictions reporting deaths to the Deaths in Custody Program, by number of deaths reported each year, 2000–2012 13 Table 10 Number of local jail deaths, by state, 2000–2012 14 Table 11 Number of local jail inmates held on an average day, by state, 2000–2012 15 Table 12 Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by state, 2000–2012 16 Table 13 Number of local jail jurisdictions reporting to the Deaths in Custody Reporting Program, by state, 2000–2012 17 Table 14 Percent of local jail jurisdictions reporting one or more deaths to the Deaths in Custody Reporting Program, by state, 2000–2012 18 Table 15 Number of state prisoner deaths, by cause of death, 2001–2012 19 Table 16 Percent of state prisoner deaths, by cause of death, 2001–2012 19 Table 17 Mortality rate per 100,000 state prisoners, by cause of death, 2001–2012 20 Table 18 Number of state prisoner deaths, by selected decedent characteristics, 2001–2012 20 Table 19 by selected decedent characteristics, 2001–2012 21 Table 20 Mortality rate per 100,000 state prisoners, by selected decedent characteristics, 2001–2012 21 Table 21 Number of state prisoner deaths, by cause of death and selected decedent characteristics, 2001–2012 22 Table 22 Average annual mortality rate per 100,000 state prisoners, by cause of death and selected decedent characteristics, 2001–2012 23 Table 23 Estimated number of state and federal prisoners in custody, by selected inmate characteristics, 2001–2012 24 Table 24 Number of state and federal prisoner deaths, by location, 2001–2012 25 Table 25 Mortality rate per 100,000 state and federal prisoners, by location, 2001–2012 26 Table 26 Number of state and federal prisoner deaths, by cause of death and location, 2001–2012 27 Table 27 Average annual mortality rate per 100,000 state and federal prisoners, by cause of death and location, 2001–2012 28 List of appendix tables ************************ Appendix table 1 Estimated number of local jail inmates in custody on an average day, by selected decedent characteristics, 2000–2012 34 Appendix table 2 Illness mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by selected decedent characteristics, 2000–2012 35 Appendix table 3 Heart disease mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, y selected decedent characteristics, 2000–2012 36 Appendix table 4 Suicide mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by selected decedent characteristics, 2000–2012 37 Appendix table 5 Mortality rate for all other unnatural deaths per 100,000 local jail inmates, 2000–2012 38 Appendix table 6 Illness mortality rate per 100,000 state prisoners, by selected decedent characteristics, 2001–2012 38 Appendix table 7 Cancer mortality rate per 100,000 state prisoners, by selected decedent characteristics, 2001–2012 39 Appendix table 8 Heart disease mortality rate per 100,000 state prisoners, by selected decedent characteristics, 2001–2012 39 Appendix table 9 Liver disease mortality rate per 100,000 state prisoners, by selected decedent characteristics, 2001–2012 40 Appendix table 10 Respiratory disease mortality rate per 100,000 state prisoners, by selected decedent characteristics, 2001–2012. 40 Appendix table 11 Mortality rate for all other illnesses per 100,000 state prisoners, by selected decedent characteristics, 2001–2012 41 ******************************************* Methodology ************ Data collection coverage ************************** The Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP) is an annual Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) data collection. The DCRP collects national, state, and incident-level data on persons who died while in the physical custody of the 50 state departments of corrections or the approximately 2,800 local adult jail jurisdictions nationwide. The DCRP began in 2000 under the Death in Custody Reporting Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-297), and it is the only national statistical collection to obtain comprehensive information about deaths in adult correctional facilities. BJS uses DCRP data to track national trends in the number and causes (or manners) of deaths occurring in state prison or local jail custody. Mortality data measured by the DCRP include decedent characteristics, such as age, sex, race or Hispanic origin, date of admission, conviction status, admission offense, and the location and type of facility (prison or jail) where the inmate died. The DCRP also collects data about circumstances surrounding the death, including the cause, time and location where the death occurred, and information on whether an autopsy was conducted and the availability of results to the respondent. Data on executions are excluded from this report but are accessible on the BJS website along with the DCRP mortality data. Statistics presented in this report are current as of March 1, 2014. For more information on mortality in correctional settings, see Mortality in Local Jails, 2000– 2007 (NCJ 222988, BJS web, July 2010); Medical Causes of Death in State Prisons, 2001–2004 (NCJ 216340, BJS web, January 2007); and Suicide and Homicide in State Prisons and Local Jails (NCJ 210036, BJS web, August 2005). The DCRP data collection instruments are administered annually to both state prisons and local jails. Respondents provide an aggregate count of the number of deaths that occurred during the referenced calendar year. The jail (CJ-9) and prison (NPS-4A) survey instruments used to obtain data on each prison and jail death are available on the BJS website at www.bjs.gov. In addition to the death count, BJS requests that jails that provide summary statistics about their population and admissions. All jails, including those with no deaths to report (which includes about 80% of jails in any given year) are asked to complete the annual summary survey form. BJS obtains a separate report describing the decedent’s characteristics and the circumstances surrounding the death for each death that occurred in a state prison or local jail. State prison and local jail respondents can submit individual records on decedents at any time during a collection cycle through a BJS web-based collection system. BJS has modified the survey instruments slightly over time, including changes to clarify questions and ease the burden on respondents. Several questions were added to capture information on any medical treatment that the inmate received prior to death. Changes also allowed respondents to elaborate on cause of death by adding text boxes to the intoxication, suicide, and inmate-involved homicide death questions. Previously, these fields had only been available for deaths due to illness, accident, homicides not caused by other inmates, and other unspecified causes. In addition, BJS clarified respondent instructions on the prison forms and removed a question collecting the conviction status of an inmate after an analysis showed that more than 99% of prison inmates were convicted at the time of death. BJS also streamlined the survey layout to simplify the progression through questions related to autopsies. Rather than initially submitting an incomplete instrument that indicated pending autopsy results, respondents were only permitted to complete the entire survey after autopsy results were available. This change reduced follow-up contact and the burden on respondents. Starting in 2001 and annually thereafter, BJS has collected DCRP data directly from state prison systems, maintaining a 100% response rate. Nonresponse *************** The jail universe includes all jails currently operating and jails that have been contacted for the DCRP but have closed, consolidated, or otherwise eliminated operations. This universe allows BJS to determine jail participation in the DCRP. The most recent jail universe, constructed in January 2014, identified 2,812 jurisdictions representing 3,245 jail facilities. Of these, 2,805 (99.7%) participated in the DCRP— an increase from previous years. An additional 59 jail jurisdictions reported to the DCRP by yearend 2012. The congressionally mandated Death in Custody Act expired at yearend 2006. Starting in 2007, participation in DCRP became voluntary. As a result, three jail jurisdictions no longer report data to the program. A jail jurisdiction is a legal entity that has responsibility for managing jail facilities. Jail jurisdictions typically operate at the county level, in which a sheriff’s office or jail administrator manages the local facilities. The DCRP data identify the jail facility in which a jail inmate dies, but the data are arrayed at the jail jurisdiction level. BJS defines a jail as a locally operated correctional facility that confines persons before or after adjudication for more than 72 hours, excluding temporary lockups. Typically, there is one facility per jail jurisdiction, but the 2006 Census of Jail Facilities found that 15% of jail jurisdictions had multiple facilities under a central authority. (See the BJS website for more information.) Determining eligibility for reporting to the DCRP ***************************** In the DCRP, custody refers to the holding of an inmate in a facility or to the period during which a correctional authority maintains a chain of custody over an inmate. For instance, if a jail transports an ill inmate to a hospital for medical services and that inmate dies while in the chain of custody of the jail, then that death is counted as a death in custody. A death that occurs when an inmate is not in the custody of a correctional authority is considered beyond the scope of the DCRP. Out- of-scope deaths include inmates on escape status or under the supervision of community corrections on probation, parole, or home- electronic monitoring. BJS instructs both state prison and local jail officials to determine whether the inmate was in the physical custody of the jurisdiction at the time of death, regardless of the reason an inmate was being held. For state prisons responding to the survey, inmates in physical custody include those held in any private prison facility under contract to the responding state’s department of corrections or in any of their state-operated facilities, including halfway houses, prison camps or farms, training or treatment centers, and prison hospitals. BJS instructs state prison officials to exclude deaths of inmates who were transferred to local jails while still serving a prison term because the DCRP obtains information about such deaths through the jail reports. Jail inmate custody includes inmates who are temporarily out of the jail facility but are within the chain of custody of the jail. For example, a death in custody would include a jail inmate who died after being transferred to an offsite facility that cares for critically ill persons. From 2000 to 2012, the DCRP data have shown that about 84% of jail deaths occurring in medical facilities have occurred in an outside of the jail facility. Custody is further complicated by the dual law enforcement and jail administration functions of some sheriffs’ offices. As a result, some deaths reported as jail deaths actually occurred before the jail had custody of the decedent. BJS identifies and excludes from the DCRP these deaths that occurred in the process of arrest by using information about the circumstances surrounding the death. Identifying and excluding duplicate records ***************************** Duplicate death records may occur in the DCRP due to overlapping correctional populations and overlapping duties within correctional facilities. For example, a jail jurisdiction may have more than one unit responsible for reporting data to BJS, a jail may be holding a state prison inmate, or state prison systems may report the death of an inmate who was transferred to a local jail but was serving a prison sentence at the time. To identify duplicate death records, BJS reconciles the aggregate summary counts of deaths occurring during a calendar year with the number of individual death records obtained from a reporting jurisdiction. When discrepancies are identified, BJS contacts reporting jurisdictions to clarify matters. However, even if summary counts and individual reports are reconciled, duplicate death records may exist if multiple reporting units within a jurisdiction provide reconciled data. Duplicate records occur primarily in reports from jail jurisdictions that have multiple reporting entities. To identify duplicate records, BJS performs record-matching based on inmate name and date of birth, date of death, and date of admission into a correctional facility. After the aggregate count review, BJS searches for deaths reported to both the jail and prison DCRP collections, which most commonly occur when a local jail is housing an inmate for the state department of corrections. The death is considered part of the count of the facility that had custody of the inmate at the time of death, and the duplicate record is deleted. Duplicate and out-of-scope records are excluded from the analyses. Cause-of-death information ***************************** The instructions for completing the DCRP tell respondents to report death information as determined by an autopsy or other official medical death investigation. For this collection, intoxication deaths, accidents, suicides, and homicides are considered discrete causes of death. Although there is a distinction between manner and cause of death from a medico-legal standpoint, no such distinction is made in the DCRP. When reporting a death due to illness, accident, suicide, intoxication, or homicide, BJS requests that respondents describe the events surrounding these deaths. Clinical data specialists convert illness-related death text entries into standard medical codes according to the World Health Organization’s International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). Homicides include all types of intentional homicide and involuntary manslaughter as ruled by a medical examiner or pathologist at autopsy. For example, an inmate may die of positional asphyxia (suffocation caused by the position of the inmate’s body) while the inmate is being removed from a cell. A legal-intervention homicide committed while the inmate is trying to escape would also be included. In addition, homicides include cases that are ruled a homicide at autopsy when events that led to the death occurred prior to incarceration. For example, an inmate who was shot in the community years prior to incarceration died from complications of the gunshot wound while incarcerated. Other BJS sources of correctional mortality data ************************************ BJS collects other data reported to the DCRP on correctional mortality. These other collections include— * Capital Punishment, which provides data on legal executions. Further discussion on executions is available on the BJS website. * The National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), which annually collected aggregate counts of deaths in state and federal prisons prior to the establishment of the DCRP. Prior to 2007, the NPS also collected counts of deaths by cause of death, including deaths due to execution, illness, AIDS, suicide, accident, homicide, and other causes. After 2006, the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) continued to submit the counts of deaths by cause of death using the DCRP, but no longer provided counts of deaths using the NPS. Further discussion of the NPS is available on the BJS website. * The Census of Jails, conducted every 5 to 6 years, provides counts of inmate deaths in local jails. Further discussion of the Census of Jails is available on the BJS website. * The Survey of Jails in Indian Country (SJIC), which provides aggregate counts of the number of deaths occurring in all known Indian country correctional facilities operated by tribal authorities or the U.S. Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Indian Affairs. Further discussion of the SJIC is available on the BJS website. Reported statistics ********************** Mortality data are shown in statistical tables by type of correctional institution (state prisons and local jails) and include the number of deaths and mortality rates by year, cause of death, selected decedent characteristics, and state. Mortality rates are calculated per 100,000 inmates, with the denominators providing estimates of the number of person-years of exposure in custody in institutional corrections. Until 2010, the mortality rate for state prisons was calculated as the number of deaths per year divided by the midyear state prison population in custody multiplied by 100,000. Starting in 2011, the rate was calculated using yearend custody counts because midyear populations were no longer available. Custody counts for state prisons provide estimates of person- years for prison populations. BJS uses data from the NPS to provide midyear and yearend custody counts of prisoners. For more information on the NPS, see the BJS website. The mortality rate in local jails is calculated as the number of deaths per year divided by the jail inmate average daily population (ADP) multiplied by 100,000. The ADP for local jails is defined as the average daily number of jail inmates held in a jail jurisdiction during a calendar year, from January 1 through December 31. The ADP is used as the denominator for jail mortality rates to accommodate the high turnover and daily fluctuation in local jail populations. Also, the ADP better reflects the number of inmate days per year than a 1-day count. Jail populations have a higher turnover than prison populations; mean length of stay in local jails is about 21 days, compared to 2 years in state prisons. The jail ADP also reflects the annual number of admissions and mean length of stay, and can be expressed as the product of these two values. When mean length of stay is expressed in years, the ADP is equivalent to the number of person-years spent by jail inmates during a given year. BJS obtains the jail ADP data directly from jails through the DCRP using the summary form CJ-9A. Starting in 2002, BJS collected the ADP directly from respondents. Prior to 2002, BJS calculated the jail ADP by taking the average of the January 1 count from the prior year and the December 31 count from the reference year, which is an appropriate proxy measure for the ADP. Both denominators provide for annualizing mortality rates, which are calculated separately by group or by characteristic. The annualized mortality rates in state prisons and local jails are comparable to annual crude mortality rates reported by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The NCHS calculates crude mortality rates as the number of events for a period (e.g., a year) divided by the population estimate at the midpoint of the period. For general population mortality statistics, the NCHS employs the midyear population as an approximation to the average population exposed to risk of death during any given year. ***Footnote 1 See Siegal, J. & Swanson, D. (2004). The Methods and Materials of Demography, Second Edition. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press, 269.*** The crude mortality rates reported in the DCRP annual statistical tables are not directly comparable to the crude mortality rates within the (nonincarcerated) general population, and the crude mortality rates in state prisons are not directly comparable to those of local jails. The composition of the general population (i.e., age, sex, and race or Hispanic origin) differs from the population in state prisons and local jails. Because mortality is correlated with age, sex, and race or Hispanic origin, the crude mortality rates in state prisons, local jails, and the general population should not be compared. Individual inmate death records collected annually in the death file are included in the national death count. Independent jail-specific summary death counts are collected in the annual summary form (CJ-9A) and serve as control death totals. If the death count in the summary form file is greater than the count in the individual inmate death file, the summary file count is used as the total in calculating a jail mortality rate. For 2012, individual records for jail inmate deaths were adjusted to match independent counts of deaths occurring in each jail, and the mortality rates were adjusted accordingly. Estimating inmate population characteristics to calculate mortality rates by demographic subgroups *************************************** BJS does not obtain annual data for all demographic characteristics of prison and jail inmates in all jurisdictions. BJS uses data from sources other than the DCRP to estimate the nationwide composition of state prison and local jail inmate populations by age, sex, and race or Hispanic origin. These data sources consist primarily of periodic surveys of inmates in custody in prisons and jails. The inmate characteristic distributions obtained from these surveys are applied to denominators (i.e., counts of inmates or ADP) to estimate the number of inmates in each demographic subgroup. BJS estimated the demographic distribution of the state prison population data from the NPS and National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP) collections. For a discussion on the methodology for obtaining state prisoner distribution estimates by age, sex, and race or Hispanic origin, see Prisoners in 2011 (NCJ 239808, BJS web, December 2012). Prior to using the NPS and NCRP to estimate demographic distributions, reports of mortality rates for state prison inmates used demographic distributions derived from BJS’s 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities (SISCF). As a result, the state prison mortality rates shown in these tables may differ from previously published rates. A rate comparison between the two sources showed very little difference in the resultant mortality rates. In most instances, the rates either matched or nearly matched. The rates differed in only three instances: Hispanics in 2001, and females and inmates age 55 or older in 2002. In each instance, the rates calculated using population data from the NCRP and NPS were slightly higher (less than a 1% increase) than rates calculated using population data from the SISCF. To estimate inmate demographic characteristic distributions of the ADP, BJS used data from several surveys to generate distributions of age, sex, and race or Hispanic origin and applied these distributions to the ADP. BJS’s Annual Survey of Jails (ASJ) provided estimates of the sex distribution of inmates for each year of the DCRP collection and applied these to each year’s ADP from the DCRP to estimate the ADP of male and female jail inmates. Jail Inmates at Midyear 2010 - Statistical Tables (NCJ 233431, BJS web, April 2011) documents that the distributions of inmate characteristics have changed slowly over time. For the most recent information on the ASJ, see the BJS website. To estimate the distribution of race and Hispanic origin of adult jail inmates, BJS used data from the Survey of Inmates in Local Jails (SILJ) and the National Inmate Survey (NIS) to estimate the relative distribution of adults by race and Hispanic origin for different periods. Because the SILJ (2002) and the NIS (2007 to 2009) are not fielded annually, the population estimates were smoothed before being applied to DCRP data. BJS used the SILJ estimates to cover the period from 2000 to 2004 and the NIS estimates to cover the period from 2005 to 2011. In both cases, the percentages associated with the distribution of race and Hispanic origin were applied to the adult jail ADP. For more information about jail inmates in 2002, see Profile of Jail Inmates, 2002 (NCJ 201932, BJS web, July 2004). To estimate the age distribution of the jail inmate population, BJS first obtained an estimate of the number of jail inmates age 17 or younger from the ASJ. According to table 2 in Jail Inmates at Midyear 2012 - Statistical Tables (NCJ 241264, BJS web, May 2013), the annual number of jail inmates age 17 or younger ranged from 5,400 to 7,600 inmates from 2000 to 2012. By applying the annual percentage of jail inmates age 17 or younger to the annual ADP, BJS obtained an estimate of the ADP of jail inmates age 17 or younger. To estimate the age distribution of adult jail inmates, BJS used data from the SILJ for 2000 to 2006 and the NIS for 2007 to 2012 to estimate the relative distribution of adults by age category for different periods. The age estimates were smoothed to account for gaps in reference years when age estimates were available, specifically for 2003, 2006, 2010, and 2011. Moving averages ****************** Moving averages were used to smooth short-term irregularities and to estimate long term trends. For instance, moving averages were computed to examine data trends for certain causes of death in jails and prisons while smoothing out short-term fluctuations. The data were cut into several 3-year overlapping periods spanning 12 years of prison data and 13 years of jail data. The moving averages in this report describe some changes in cause- specific mortality rates over time (e.g., whether the overall decline in the AIDS-related mortality rate was steady, or whether the increase of suicides in jails was recent). Moving averages were not computed for all causes of death in custody because the resultant rates would have been unstable and therefore statistically meaningless due to small cell sizes. Random error and suppression ******************************* The DCRP data on deaths in state prisons and local jails are not subject to sampling error. However, mortality data from a complete or near- complete enumeration may be subject to random error. Following the methodology of Brillinger and NCHS, “the number of deaths that actually occurred may be considered as one of a large series of possible results that could have arisen under the same set of circumstances” (Xu, J. et al., 2010)., ***Footnote 2 ,3 See Brillinger, D.R. (1986). The Natural Variability of Vital Rates and Associated Statistics. Biometrics, 42, 693–734. See Xu, J. et al. (2010). Deaths: Final Data for 2007. National Vital Statistics Report, 58(19). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr58/nvsr58_19.pdf.*** The random variation can be large when the number of deaths is small. Therefore, caution is warranted when interpreting statistics based on small numbers of deaths. According to NCHS standards, mortality rates based on fewer than 100 deaths per year should be interpreted with caution. Continuing to use the NCHS and Brillinger methods, BJS quantified random variation by assuming that the appropriate underlying probability distribution for the number of deaths is a Poisson distribution. This provides a computationally simple and reasonable approach for estimating variances in mortality statistics when the probability of dying is low. BJS calculated variances based on the assumption of a Poisson process. From these variances, BJS calculated relative random error estimates, which are comparable to relative standard error in that the relative random error is the ratio of random error derived from the Poisson variance to the number of deaths. Following NCHS, when the relative random error exceeded 30%, BJS flagged estimated mortality rates due to the instability of the rate with a “!” symbol (Interpret with caution; too few sample cases to provide a reliable rate). Survey performance issues *************************** Survey administration and modifications to the survey form generated data from 2007 to 2009 that may not be wholly compatible with prior DCRP data. In 2012, BJS identified a previously undetected data error that mischaracterized over 600 illness-related deaths as illness-related deaths missing detailed cause-of-death information. The data error lead to an inflated frequency of prison deaths in reference year 2007 being characterized as all other illnesses while simultaneously depressing frequencies of known illnesses (e.g., heart disease, cancer, and liver disease). The error was identified and resolved, correcting the distributions. In 2008, local jail officials were unable to provide causes of death for 21.4% of jail inmate deaths. During 2009, BJS made modifications to the collection instruments to improve reporting and reduce burden. * Item nonresponse in 2008 jail data and unknown cause of death: An abnormally large number of cases were missing a response for cause of death in the 2008 jail file (n=203; 21.4% of all jail deaths in 2008). This coincided with the final year the U.S. Census Bureau acted as the data collection agent for the DCRP. In prior years of the DCRP jail data collection, an average of 6% of all causes of death were classified as other or unknown. For this report, BJS categorized all 203 jail deaths from 2008 as missing data about cause of death. * 2009 data collection: Prior to fielding the 2009 DCRP collection, BJS reviewed the data collection instrument and data submission procedures and assessed the communications with DCRP respondents to reduce the burden on respondents. The survey was modified to facilitate navigation and to encourage online response. The modifications led to delays in implementing data collection. As a result, death reports were not collected in the year the deaths occurred, but were instead collected retrospectively during 2010 for the first time. Data collection for subsequent years resumed on a normal schedule. ************************************************* The Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S. Department of Justice is the principal federal agency responsible for measuring crime, criminal victimization, criminal offenders, victims of crime, correlates of crime, and the operation of criminal and civil justice systems at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels. BJS collects, analyzes, and disseminates reliable and valid statistics on crime and justice systems in the United States, supports improvements to state and local criminal justice information systems, and participates with national and international organizations to develop and recommend national standards for justice statistics. William J. Sabol is acting director. Margaret E. Noonan and Scott Ginder, RTI International analyzed the data; the report was prepared by Margaret E. Noonan. E. Ann Carson and Todd D. Minton verified the report. Morgan Young and Jill Thomas edited the report. Barbara Quinn and Tina Dorsey produced the report. October 2014, NCJ 247448 ************************************************* ************************************************* Office of Justice Programs Innovation * Partnerships * Safer Neighborhoods www.ojp.usdoj.gov ************************************************* ********************** 9/22/2014/JER/10:40am **********************