U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin State Court Processing Statistics, 2006 Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties, 2006 May 2010 NCJ 228944 ------------------------------------------------------------- This file is text only without graphics and many of the tables. A Zip archive of the tables in this report in spreadsheet format (.csv) and the full report including tables and graphics in .pdf format are available from: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=2193 This report is one in a series. More recent editions may be available. To view a list of all in the series go to http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbse&sid=27 ------------------------------------------------------------- Thomas H. Cohen, J.D., Ph.D. and Tracey Kyckelhahn, M.A. BJS Statisticians In the nation's 75 largest counties, an estimated 58,100 defendants were charged with a felony offense in May 2006. About two-thirds of these felony defendants were charged with a drug or property offense, while 23% had charges for violent offenses, such as murder, rape, robbery, or aggravated assault (table 1). These are some of the findings from the 2006 State Court Processing Statistics (SCPS) data collection program. Since 1988 the Bureau of Justice Statistics has sponsored a biennial collection of data on felony cases processed in state courts in the nation's 75 largest counties. SCPS collects data on the demographic characteristics, criminal history, pretrial processing, adjudication, and sentencing of felony defendants. Federal defendants and defendants charged with misdemeanor crimes are not included in SCPS data (although outcomes of felony cases in which charges were reduced to misdemeanors are included in some tables). ------------------------------------------------------------- Highlights *About a fourth of felony defendants were charged with a violent offense in 2006. *Forty-three percent of felony defendants had at least one prior felony conviction. *Nearly 60% of felony defendants were released prior to adjudication. The percentage of defendants released pretrial has remained relatively stable since 1990. *The most common form of pretrial release was through commercial surety bond. Since 1998, most pretrial releases of state court felony defendants have been under financial conditions requiring the posting of bail. *About a third of released defendants committed some form of pretrial misconduct including 18% who were re-arrested for a new offense committed while they awaited disposition of their case. *Sixty-eight percent of felony defendants were eventually convicted, and 95% of these convictions occurred through a guilty plea. *A majority (72%) of convicted defendants were convicted of the felony offense with which they were originally charged. *Seventy percent of defendants convicted of a felony were sentenced to incarceration in a state prison or local jail. ------------------------------------------------------------- Trends 1990-2006 Two-thirds of felony defendants were charged with drug or property crimes Between 1994 and 2006, drug defendants comprised the largest group of felony cases in the 75 largest counties, ranging from 34% to 37% (figure 2). Property defendants accounted for 29% to 31% of felony cases during this period. From 1990 to 2006, the percentage of felony defendants charged with a violent offense declined from 27% to 23%, while those charged with a public-order offense increased from 7% to 11%. The proportion of felony defendants over age 40 rose from 1990 through 2006 The proportion of defendants age 40 or older rose from 10% in 1990 to 26% in 2006 (figure 3). After 1996 about a third of defendants were under age 25, a smaller proportion than from 1990 to 1994, when about two-fifths of defendants were this young. More felony defendants have prior felony arrest or conviction records The percentage of defendants with one or more prior felony arrests rose to 64% in 2006, continuing an upward trend that began after 1992 when 55% had a felony arrest record (not shown). The percentage with a felony conviction record also increased from 36% in 1990 to 43% in 2006. Surety bond surpassed release on recognizance in 1998 as the most common type of pretrial release From 1990 to 2002 the percentage of felony defendants released prior to case disposition remained fairly consistent, ranging from 62% to 64% (not shown). After 2002 there was a slight decline to 58% of defendants released before case disposition. A more pronounced trend was observed in the type of release used (figure 4). From 1990 through 1994, release on recognizance (ROR) accounted for 42% of releases, compared to 24% released on surety bond. From 2002 through 2006, surety bonds were used for 42% of releases, compared to 26% for ROR. Overall conviction rates remained relatively stable at 68% from 2002 to 2006 The overall proportion of felony defendants convicted of a felony or convicted of charges reduced to a misdemeanor remained at approximately two-thirds of all felony defendants (not shown). Similarly, the incarceration rate for defendants convicted of a felony remained relatively stable, ranging from 70% in 1994 to 77% in 1998. Felony case processing, 2006 Nearly a fourth of felony defendants were charged with violent offenses in 2006 The 2006 SCPS collected case processing data for 16,211 defendants charged with a felony during May 2006 in 39 counties. These cases were part of a two-stage sample that was representative of the estimated 58,100 felony defendants whose cases were processed in the 75 largest counties during that month. In 2006, 37% of the U.S. population resided in these counties. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Report, these same counties also accounted for 49% of all serious violent crimes and 41% of all serious property crimes reported in the United States. During May 2006 an estimated 13,295 felony defendants were charged with a violent offense in the nation's 75 largest counties (23% of all felony defendants) (table 1). About half of those faced assault charges, and about a fourth were charged with robbery. Murder defendants comprised 3% of the defendants charged with a violent felony, while rape defendants accounted for 5%. (See Methodology for the specific crimes included in each offense category.) Nearly two-thirds of felony defendants were charged with property or drug offenses. Among property defendants, approximately a third were charged with larceny or theft, and about a fourth were charged with burglary. Less than half of drug defendants were charged with drug trafficking. Public-order offenses were the most serious charge of the remaining 11% of defendants. At least 52% of felony defendants charged with a violent, property, or drug crime were charged with additional crimes as well (see Appendix table 1). Felony defendants charged with robbery and weapons offenses were on average age 27 at arrest The average age of defendants at the time of arrest was 32 years (table 2). By specific offense, the average age ranged from 27 years for robbery and weapons offense defendants to 36 years for those charged with a driving-related offense. Thirteen percent of robbery defendants were under 18 years old, although the age group represented only 3% of all felony defendants. Thirty-nine percent of defendants charged with a driving-related offense were age 40 or older, although this age group represented only 26% of all felony defendants. Forty-five percent of the felony defendants in the 75 largest counties were non-Hispanic blacks, and 82% of felony defendants were male (see Appendix tables 2 and 3). About a third of felony defendants had an active criminal justice status at the time of arrest Thirty-one percent of felony defendants were in custody, awaiting trial, or on probation or parole when arrested on the current felony charge (table 3). When just the most serious criminal justice status is considered, 12% of felony defendants had been released pending disposition of a previous case, 9% were on probation, and 4% were on parole. Approximately 40% of felony defendants had previously been convicted of a felony The majority of felony defendants had at least one prior arrest (77%), and 69% had multiple prior arrests (table 4). Felony defendants charged with a public-order (81%) or drug (81%) offense were more likely to have been previously arrested than those charged with a property (74%) or violent (71%) offense. Felony public-order defendants (66%) and felony drug defendants (66%) were slightly more likely to have a conviction record compared to felony defendants overall (61%). Nearly half of felony drug defendants (49%) and public-order defendants (47%) had a prior felony conviction, compared to 43% of all felony defendants. Nearly 3 in 4 defendants with a conviction record had at least one prior felony conviction, and about half had multiple prior felony convictions. Appendix tables 4 through 7 offer more statistics on felony defendants' criminal history. Nearly 6 out of 10 felony defendants were released before final case disposition An estimated 58% of felony defendants in the 75 largest counties were released before final disposition of their cases (table 5). Defendants charged with a violent offense (52%) were less likely to be released than those whose most serious arrest charge was a public-order (62%) or drug (60%) offense. Within the violent offense category, release rates varied greatly. Just 8% of murder defendants were released, compared to 59% of those charged with assault. Among defendants charged with a property offense, less than half of those charged with burglary (44%) or motor vehicle theft (44%) were released prior to case disposition. Higher proportions of those charged with fraud (74%) or larceny or theft (66%) were released. The most common form of pretrial release was through commercial surety bond Overall, 70% of felony defendants had a bail amount set by the court, and were required to post all or part of that amount to secure release while their case was pending (table 6). The remainder were granted non-financial release (25%), were ordered held without bail (5%), or were part of an emergency release (less than 0.5%). The most common type of release was surety bond (42% of released defendants), which involves the services of a commercial bail bond agent (figure 5). In 2006 an estimated 6% of felony defendants released through surety bond also had conditions attached to that release, including pretrial monitoring. Other types of financial release were deposit bond (8% of released defendants) and full cash bond (5%.) (See Methodology for definitions related to pretrial release.) Less than half of released defendants were released under non-financial conditions (not requiring the posting of bail). The most common types of non-financial release were release on personal recognizance (28% of released defendants) and conditional release (12% of released defendants). See Appendix table 8 for more statistics about pretrial release. Median bail amounts were 5 times higher for detained defendants than for released defendants Bail was set at $10,000 for more than half of defendants who had bail set (table 7). The overall median bail amount set for defendants charged with a violent offense was about twice that amount ($22,000). Defendants detained until disposition of their cases had a median bail amount set at $25,000 compared to defendants who were released on bail, for whom bail was set at a median of $5,000. Criminal histories associated with lower probability of pretrial release Many states have established specific criteria for courts to consider when setting release conditions, including the defendant's criminal history and criminal justice system status at time of arrest. The SCPS data illustrate how release rates vary with some of these factors. For example, 65% of the defendants without an active criminal justice status when arrested for the current offense were released prior to case disposition, compared to 41% of the defendants with an active criminal justice status who were detained (table 8). Other criteria considered include prior arrests and previous failures to appear in court. Seventy-five percent of the defendants with no prior arrests were released, compared to 53% of those who had been previously arrested. Among defendants with an arrest record, those who had never missed a court appearance (61%) had a higher probability of being released than those who had failed to appear at least once during a previous case (51%). About three-fourths of defendants without a prior conviction (74%) were released prior to disposition of the current case, compared to about half of those with a conviction record (48%). A third of released defendants committed some form of pretrial misconduct Among defendants who were released prior to case disposition, 33% committed some type of misconduct while on pretrial release (table 9). Misconduct included failure to appear in court, an arrest for a new offense, or some other violation of release conditions that resulted in the revocation of that release by the court. The proportion of defendants charged with pretrial misconduct was highest for drug defendants (37%) and lowest for those released after being charged with a violent offense (26%). Overall, 18% of released defendants were re-arrested for a new offense allegedly committed while they awaited disposition of their original case. Sixty-three percent of these defendants, or 11% of all released defendants, were charged with a new felony. Eighty-two percent of defendants who were released prior to case disposition made all scheduled court appearances. Courts issued bench warrants for the remaining 18% for failing to appear. Nearly a fourth of the defendants who failed to appear in court, or 4% of all released defendants, were still fugitives at the end of the 1-year study period. The remainder returned to the court (either voluntarily or not) before the end of the study. Almost 9 out of 10 felony defendants' cases were adjudicated within 1 year The median time from arrest to adjudication for all felony defendants was 92 days, yet nearly 4 times longer for murder defendants (364 days) and about 2.5 times longer for rape defendants (228 days) (table 10). Defendants charged with a non-trafficking drug offense had the shortest median time from arrest to adjudication (50 days). Nearly 90% of all felony cases were adjudicated within 1 year of arrest. Approximately two-thirds of felony defendants were convicted Sixty-eight percent of the defendants whose cases were adjudicated within 1 year of arrest (or 2 years for felony murder defendants) were convicted (table 11). Overall, nearly two-thirds of defendants entered a guilty plea, with 55% pleading guilty to a felony and 10% pleading guilty to a misdemeanor. In most cases where the defendants were not convicted it was because the charges against the defendants were dismissed. About a quarter of all cases ended in this way. Defendants charged with assault (39%) were 3 times or more likely to have their case dismissed as those charged with a driving-related offense (11%) or murder (13%). Guilty pleas accounted for 95% of convictions Guilty pleas accounted for 95% of the estimated 32,876 convictions obtained within 1 year of arrest. This included about 26,000 felony pleas and about 5,000 misdemeanor pleas (not shown). Defendants charged with a driving-related offense had the highest plea rate (81%) and the highest felony plea rate (72%) (not shown). More than 6 out of 10 defendants in each offense category except assault (54%) eventually pleaded guilty to either a felony or a misdemeanor (figure 6). Regardless of adjudication method, a majority (72%) of convicted defendants were convicted of the felony offense with which they were originally charged (figure 7). More than three-fourths of defendants convicted of driving-related, weapons, or murder offenses were convicted of their original arrest charges. In comparison, about half of convicted rape defendants were convicted of their original arrest charges. Almost three-quarters of convicted offenders were sentenced to incarceration Seventy-three percent of offenders convicted of a felony were sentenced to incarceration in a state prison or local jail (table 12), compared to 57% of those convicted of a misdemeanor. Almost all (98%) sentences for a murder conviction resulted in a prison sentence, as did a majority of robbery (72%), rape (67%), and weapons offense (53%) convictions. About a third of offenders convicted of forgery (38%) or larceny or theft (32%) were sentenced to prison. Of all misdemeanors, 54% went to jail and 22% were sentenced to probation. Nearly all incarceration sentences for misdemeanor convictions were to jail. Average prison sentences were more than 4 years Among offenders convicted of a felony and sentenced to prison, the mean sentence was 49 months and the median was 24 months (table 13). By general conviction offense category, offenders convicted of a violent felony received the longest prison sentences (mean of 94 months and median of 48 months), and those convicted of a public-order felony received the shortest (mean of 33 months and median of 24 months). For offenders sentenced to probation without incarceration for a felony, the median sentence length was 33 months, compared to 19 months for a misdemeanor. Three percent of offenders convicted of a felony were given a probation term of greater than 5 years (not shown). More than a quarter of felony offenders sentenced to probation were required to enter a treatment program, including 41% convicted for felony drug crimes. Nineteen percent of the offenders who received a probation sentence were required to perform community service (table 14). Convicted offenders with multiple prior felony convictions were the most likely to be incarcerated For offenders convicted of a felony on their current charge, the probability of receiving a sentence to incarceration was highest if they had multiple prior felony convictions (83%) (table 15). Seventy-six percent of offenders with just one prior felony conviction and 70% of those with only prior misdemeanor convictions were also sentenced to incarceration following a felony conviction in their current case. Offenders with no prior convictions of any type (60%) were generally the least likely to receive a sentence to incarceration for a felony conviction, although 74% of them received such a sentence when the conviction was for a violent felony. Fifty-four percent of the offenders with more than one prior felony conviction were sentenced to prison for a new felony conviction. This included 67% of those whose current conviction was for a violent felony. Twenty-six percent of defendants with prior misdemeanor convictions received a prison sentence for a felony conviction in the current case only. However, more than two-fifths of such defendants (44%) received a prison sentence when the current conviction was for a violent felony. Appendix tables 9 through 12 provide more statistics about sentencing. Methodology The State Court Processing Statistics (SCPS) sample was designed and selected by U.S. Census Bureau staff. It is a two-stage stratified sample, with 40 of the nation's 75 largest counties selected at stage one and a systematic sample of state court felony filings (defendants) within each county selected at stage two. The 40 counties were divided into four first-stage strata based on overall population, arrests, and felony filing information. The first stratum was designed to include 10 counties selected with certainty because of their large number of court filings; however, one of these counties was dropped because of problems with data quality. Clark County (NV), which had been selected as a stratum-one site, was dropped because of problems with overall completeness of the electronic case management data received. Specifically, Clark County was not able to provide pretrial, adjudication, and sentencing case processing data. Because these problems were not confirmed until late in the data collection process, it was too late to find alternative methods for retrieving SCPS data from this site. Hence, the first-stage weight for stratum-one counties was changed from 1.00 to 1.111. The remaining counties were allocated to the three non-certainty strata based on the variance of felony court filings, population, and arrest data. SCPS first-stage design Number of counties Stratum Sample Universe Weight One 9 10 1.111 Two 7 12 1.714 Three 9 18 2.000 Four 14 35 2.500 The second-stage sampling (filings) was designed to represent all defendants who had felony cases filed with the court during the month of May 2006. The participating jurisdictions provided data for every felony case filed on selected days during that month. Depending on the first-stage stratum in which it had been placed, each jurisdiction provided filings data for 5, 10, or 20 selected business days in May 2006. Data from jurisdictions that were not required to provide a full month of filings were weighted to represent the full month. SCPS second-stage design Stratum Number of days of filings provided Weight One 5 4.0 Two 10 2.0 Three 10 2.0 Four 20 1.0 The 2006 SCPS collected data for 16,211 defendants charged with a felony offense during May 2006 in 39 large counties. These cases were part of a sample that was representative of the estimated 58,100 felony defendants whose cases were processed in the nation's 75 largest counties during that month. Defendants charged with murder were tracked for up to 2 years, and all other defendants were followed for up to 1 year. This report is based on data collected from the following jurisdictions: Arizona (Maricopa, Pima); California (Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, Ventura); Connecticut (Hartford); Florida (Broward, Miami-Dade, Hillsborough; Orange); Hawaii (Honolulu); Illinois (Cook); Indiana (Marion); Maryland (Baltimore, Montgomery, Prince George); Michigan (Oakland, Wayne); Missouri (Saint Louis); New Jersey (Essex, Middlesex); New York (Bronx, Kings, Nassau, New York, Suffolk); North Carolina (Wake); Ohio (Cuyahoga, Franklin, Hamilton); Tennessee (Shelby); Texas (Dallas, El Paso, Harris, Tarrant); Utah (Salt Lake City); Washington (King); and Wisconsin (Milwaukee). Because the data come from a sample, a sampling error and confidence intervals are associated with each reported number. Confidence intervals and standard errors for several key variables in the SCPS database are reported in appendix tables 13 and 14. These confidence intervals show where the reported SCPS numbers would fall 95% of the time under repeated sampling. For example, the confidence intervals for the total number of felony defendants in the 75 largest counties ranges from 53,894 to 62,305 defendants. In other words, if repeated sampling of felony case processing in the nation's 75 largest counties were undertaken, there is a 95% confidence that the number of felony defendants would fall between 53,894 and 62,305. Offense Categories Felony offenses were classified into 16 categories for this report. These were further classified into the four major crime categories of violent, property, drug, and public-order. The following lists are a representative summary of the crimes in each category; however, these lists are not meant to be exhaustive. All offenses except murder include attempts and conspiracies to commit. Violent offenses Murder--Includes homicide, non-negligent manslaughter, and voluntary homicide. Excludes attempted murder (classified as felony assault), negligent homicide, involuntary homicide, or vehicular manslaughter, which are classified as other violent offenses. Rape--Includes forcible intercourse, sodomy, or penetration with a foreign object. Does not include statutory rape or non-forcible acts with a minor or someone unable to give legal consent, nonviolent sexual offenses, or commercialized sex offenses. Robbery--Includes unlawful taking of anything of value by force or threat of force. Includes armed, unarmed, and aggravated robbery, car-jacking, armed burglary, and armed mugging. Assault--Includes aggravated assault, aggravated battery, attempted murder, assault with a deadly weapon, felony assault or battery on a law enforcement officer, and other felony assaults. This offense category does not include extortion, coercion, or intimidation. Other violent offenses--Includes vehicular manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter, negligent or reckless homicide, nonviolent or non-forcible sexual assault, kidnapping, unlawful imprisonment, child or spouse abuse, cruelty to a child, reckless endangerment, hit-and-run with bodily injury, intimidation, and extortion. Property offenses Burglary--Includes any type of entry into a residence, industry, or business with or without the use of force with the intent to commit a felony or theft. Does not include possession of burglary tools, trespassing, or unlawful entry for which the intent is not known. Larceny/theft--Includes grand theft, grand larceny, and any other felony theft, including burglary from an automobile, theft of rental property, and mail theft. This offense category does not include motor vehicle theft, receiving or buying stolen property, fraud, forgery, or deceit. Motor vehicle theft--Includes auto theft, receiving and transferring an automobile, unauthorized use of a vehicle, possession of a stolen vehicle, and larceny or taking of an automobile. Forgery--Includes forging of a driver's license, official seals, notes, money orders, credit or access cards or names of such cards or any other documents with fraudulent intent, uttering a forged instrument, counterfeiting, and forgery. Fraud--Includes possession and passing of worthless checks or money orders, possession of false documents or identification, embezzlement, obtaining money by false pretenses, credit card fraud, welfare fraud, Medicare fraud, insurance claim fraud, fraud, swindling, stealing a thing of value by deceit, and larceny by check. Other property offenses--Includes receiving or buying stolen property, arson, reckless burning, damage to property, criminal mischief, vandalism, criminal trespassing, possession of burglary tools, and unlawful entry for which the interest is unknown. Drug offenses Drug trafficking--Includes trafficking, sales, distribution, possession with intent to distribute or sell, manufacturing, and smuggling of controlled substances. This category does not include possession of controlled substances. Other drug offenses--Includes possession of controlled substances, prescription violations, possession of drug paraphernalia, and other drug law violations. Public-order offenses Weapons--Includes the unlawful sale, distribution, manufacture, alteration, transportation, possession, or use of a deadly weapon or accessory. Driving-related--Includes driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol, driving with a suspended or revoked license, and any other felony in the motor vehicle code. Other public-order offenses--Includes flight/escape, parole or probation violations, prison contraband, habitual offender, obstruction of justice, rioting, libel, slander, treason, perjury, prostitution, pandering, bribery, and tax law violations. Pretrial release Released defendant--Includes any defendant who was released from custody prior to the disposition of his or her case by the court. It also includes defendants who were detained for some period of time before being released and defendants who were returned to custody after being released because of a violation of the conditions of pretrial release. The terms "on pretrial release" and "released pending disposition" are both used in this report to refer to all released defendants. Detained defendant--Includes any defendant who remained in custody from the time of arrest until the disposition of his or her case by the court. This report also refers to detained defendants as "not released." Failure to appear--The bench warrant issued by a court because the defendant failed to appear as scheduled. Types of financial release Surety bond--A bail bond company signs a promissory note to the court for the full bail amount and charges the defendant a fee for the service (usually 10% of the full bail amount). If the defendant fails to appear, the bond company is liable to the court for the full bail amount. Frequently, the bond company requires collateral from the defendant in addition to the fee. Deposit bond--The defendant deposits a percentage (usually 10%) of the full bail amount with the court. A percentage of the bail is returned after the disposition of the case, but the court often retains a small portion for administrative costs. If the defendant fails to appear in court, he or she is liable to the court for the full bail amount. Full cash bond--The defendant posts the full bail amount in cash with the court. If the defendant makes all court appearances, the cash is returned. If the defendant fails to appear in court, the bond is forfeited. Property bond--Involves an agreement made by a defendant as a condition of pretrial release requiring that property valued at the full bail amount be posted as an assurance of his or her appearance in court. If the defendant fails to appear in court, the property is forfeited. It is also known as "collateral bond." Types of nonfinancial release Release on recognizance (ROR)--The court releases some defendants on a signed agreement that they will appear in court as required. In this report, the ROR category includes citation releases in which arrestees are released pending their first court appearance on a written order issued by law enforcement or jail personnel. Unsecured bond--The defendant pays no money to the court but is liable for the full amount of bail upon failure to appear in court. Conditional release--Defendants are released under specified conditions. A pretrial services agency usually conducts monitoring or supervision, if ordered for a defendant. In some cases, such as those involving a third-party custodian or drug monitoring and treatment, another agency may be involved in the supervision of the defendant. Conditional release sometimes includes an unsecured bond. Other type of release Emergency release--Defendants are released in response to a court order placing limits on a jail's population. Note on pretrial release of other drug defendants The detention/release of "other drug defendants" was not reported due to issues associated with properly coding the release status of these defendants. Differing coding practices were applied to the release/detention status of other drug defendants in instances involving alternative adjudications. For this reason, the pretrial release/detention status of other drug defendants produced results that were inconsistent with prior SCPS iterations. The other drug crime defendants, however, are included in the totals for drug defendants and for all felony defendants. Additionally, statistics reporting bail amounts, time from arrest to release, and pretrial misconduct for other drug defendants are shown. The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Michael D. Sinclair is acting director. This BJS Bulletin presents the first release of findings from the 2006 State Court Processing Statistics project. Thomas H. Cohen and Tracey Kyckelhahn, BJS statisticians, prepared this report under the supervision of Duren Banks. The data were collected and processed by the Pretrial Justice Institute (PJI) under the supervision of Cherise Burdeen. Current and former PJI staff, including Stephanie Garbo, Jessica Keefe, David Levin, Tracy Loynachan, and Becky Mensch also contributed to this project. Carma Hogue of the Economic Statistical Methods and Procedures Division, U.S. Census Bureau, assisted with sample design. Catherine Bird and Jill Duncan edited the report, and Tina Dorsey and Jayne E. Robinson produced and prepared the report for final printing, under the supervision of Doris J. James. May 2010, NCJ 228944 This report in portable document format and in ASCII and its related statistical data and tables are available at the BJS World Wide Web Internet site: . Office of Justice Programs Innovation . Partnerships . Safer Neighborhoods http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov 5/19/2010/JER/ 10:32AM