U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation: 1999 Overview July 2000, NCJ 182294 ------------------------------------------------------------------ This file is text only without many of the tables. A spreadsheet (.wk1) of the Summary of State statutes by State and the full report including tables and graphics in .pdf format are available from: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cspsl99.htm This report is one in a series. More recent editions may be available. To view a list of all in the series go to http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pubalp2.htm#cspsl ------------------------------------------------------------------- Current status of the law Summary of State statutes By category By State Jan M. Chaiken, Ph.D. Director This report was prepared by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics, Kenneth E. Bischoff, Chairman, and Gary R. Cooper, Executive Director. The project director was Sheila J. Barton, Deputy Executive Director. Paul L. Woodard, Senior Counsel, and Eric C. Johnson, Policy Research Analyst, prepared the report. Twyla R. Cunningham, Manager, Corporate Communications, and Michele J. Dawson, Writer/Researcher, edited the report. Jane L. Bassett, Publishing Specialist, and Terri E. Nyberg, Special Assistant to the Executive Director, provided layout and design assistance. The project was conducted under the direction of Carol G. Kaplan, Chief, Criminal History Improvement Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Report of work performed under BJS Cooperative Agreement No. 96-BJ-CX-K010 awarded to SEARCH Group, Incorporated, 7311 Greenhaven Drive, Suite 145, Sacramento, California 95831. Contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Bureau of Justice Statistics or the U.S. Department of Justice. Copyright (c) SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics, 2000 The U.S. Department of Justice authorizes any person to reproduce, publish, translate, or otherwise use all or any part of the copyrighted material in the publication with the exception of those items indicating that they are copyrighted by or reprinted by permission of any source other than SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics. Foreword This updated version of the Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation: 1999 Overview is the eleventh in the series of Bureau of Justice Statistics' publications referencing and analyzing State laws, administrative regulations and attorneys general's opinions relating to the security, confidentiality, accuracy, and completeness of criminal history records. The first Compendium was published in 1974 in conjunction with the development and issuance by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration of the Department of Justice regulations on privacy and security of criminal history record information. Subsequent editions have been published in 1978, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1997, and now the current 1999 edition. The purpose of the volumes continues to be assistance to legislators, planners, administrators, legal analysts, and other researchers in reviewing and contrasting the varying approaches the States have taken to issues concerned with the maintenance and use of criminal records. With such information available, States are able to take a more enlightened approach to criminal record policymaking. It is the hope of the Bureau of Justice Statistics that this report will be a resource for policymakers in improving and promoting the Nation's criminal history records. The efficient operation of complete and accurate records systems serves to benefit us all. Jan M. Chaiken, Ph.D. Director Contents Introduction The Compendium series Scope of this Compendium How to use the Compendium Section 1: Review and analysis A. Current status of the law B. Analysis of critical issues 1. Data quality 2. Access to criminal history records for noncriminal justice purposes Section 2: Classification category definitions Section 3: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by classification category A. Survey comparison of changes in State statutes and regulations by classification category B. Summary of State statutes and regulations by classification category 1. State regulatory authority 2. Privacy and security council 3. Dissemination regulations 4. Inspection 5. Right to challenge 6. Judicial review of challenged information 7. Purging nonconviction information 8. Purging conviction information 9. Sealing nonconviction information 10. Sealing conviction information 11. Removal of disqualifications. 12. Right to state nonexistence of record 13. Research access 14. Accuracy and completeness 15. Dedication 16. Civil remedies 17. Criminal penalties 18. Public records 19. Separation of files 20. Regulation of intelligence collection 21. Regulation of intelligence dissemination 22. Security 23. Transaction logs 24. Training employees 25. Listing of information systems 26. Freedom of Information Act (including criminal justice information) 27. Freedom of Information Act (excluding criminal justice information) 28. Central State repository 29. National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact enacted Section 4: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by State State code titles Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virgin Islands Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming The full text (approximately 1,500 pages, order No. NCJ-000000) of legislation cited in this document is available in microfiche for $2 or in hard copy for $184 from: Bureau of Justice Statistics Clearinghouse P.O. Box 179 Annapolis Junction, Maryland 20701-0179 1-800-732-3277 Introduction The Compendium series This Compendium is the latest in a series of 11 U.S. Department of Justice publications that reference and analyze State laws and regulations relating to privacy and security of criminal history record information.***Footnote1: The term "criminal history record information" is defined in the Department of Justice regulations to include "information collected by criminal justice agencies on individuals consisting of identifiable descriptions and notations of arrests, detentions, indictments, informations, or other formal criminal charges, and any disposition arising therefrom, sentencing, correctional supervision, and release." 28 C.F.R. ¤ 20.3(b) (1993).*** These compendia include: (1) compilations of State laws and administrative regulations, and (2) analyses of findings and trends reflected in that body of law and policy documents. The purpose of these compendia is to assist legislators, planners, administrators, legal analysts, and others interested in reviewing State statutes and regulations governing the maintenance and use of criminal records, and in analyzing national trends in this important area. Comparing and contrasting the various approaches reflected in the many State laws and regulations cited in these documents should assist planners and administrators in developing effective and fair policies for their jurisdictions. By facilitating such comparisons and by furthering research in this area, the compendia are intended to promote the evolution of enlightened privacy and information policy. The first compendium was published by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) in 1974 as part of its efforts connected with the promulgation of regulations covering the privacy and security of criminal history record information. ***Footnote 2: U.S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Office of General Counsel, Compendium of State Laws Governing the Privacy and Security of Criminal Justice Information (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1974).*** A second compendium, published in 1978, documented the growth of State privacy and security laws subsequent to the earlier survey. ***Footnote 3: U.S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National Criminal Justice Information and Statistics Service, Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information, Compendium of State Legislation (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, January 1978).*** At that time, LEAA also published a companion document that provided an overview of the significant changes in State laws that had occurred, largely as a result of the impact of the Federal regulations, and analyzed policy issues in specific areas of privacy and security law. ***Footnote 4: U.S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information: An Analysis of Privacy Issues (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978).*** Updating supplements to those compendia were published in 1979 by the LEAA and in 1981 by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), covering State legislation and regulations up to July 1981. ***Footnote 5: U.S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National Criminal Justice Information and Statistics Service, Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information: Compendium of State Legislation, 1979 Supplement, by SEARCH Group, Inc. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1979); U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information: Compendium of State Legislation, 1981 Supplement, by SEARCH Group, Inc. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1982).*** The 1984, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1994, and 1997 volumes - all of which were published by BJS - replaced all of the earlier volumes in the series and referenced all State laws and regulations up to their publication dates. ***Footnote 6: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information: Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation, 1984 Edition: Overview, by SEARCH Group, Inc. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, September 1985); Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information: Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation, 1987 Overview, by SEARCH Group, Inc. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, August 1988); Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information: Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation, 1989 Overview, by SEARCH Group, Inc. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, April 1990); Criminal History Record Information: Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation, 1992, by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 1992); Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information: Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation, 1994 Overview, by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, January 1995); Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation: 1997 Overview by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 1998).*** Scope of this Compendium This Compendium is an up-to-date and complete document that replaces all of the earlier volumes in the series. It references all current State laws through July 1999, as well as regulations, executive orders, and opinions of State attorneys general, where applicable. It also includes a review and analysis section containing a general overview of State laws and regulations and a discussion of trends and conclusions concerning two especially important information policy issues: (1) requirements imposed on criminal justice agencies to maintain record quality, and (2) dissemination and use of criminal history information for noncriminal justice purposes. Since this volume compiles the material from previous compendia, as well as more recent enactments, the sheer bulk of this body of material precludes reproducing the complete text of the State laws and regulations. The complete set of statutes is available on microfiche or in hard-copy format from the Bureau of Justice Statistics Clearinghouse in Annapolis Junction, Maryland. (A fee applies for either format. See page vii for ordering information.) A full, hard-copy library of these laws, regulations, and other materials is maintained by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics, at its offices in Sacramento, California. Copies of specific enactments may be ordered by mail or telephone. ***Footnote 7: SEARCH is located at 7311 Greenhaven Drive, Suite 145, Sacramento, California 95831, (916) 392-2550.*** This Compendium contains four sections. Section 1 sets out an overview of State criminal history record laws and an analysis of State requirements relating to data quality and noncriminal justice access and use. Section 2 defines the 29 subject-matter categories into which the laws and regulations are classified in the Compendium tables. These categories are the same as those used in previous volumes. Section 3 sets out summary tables showing trends and developments in criminal justice information law and policy by classification category. Section 4 sets out summary tables of criminal justice information statutes and regulations by State, along with a list of the titles of the State codes (see page 53) from which the citations were extracted. All of the tables in sections 3 and 4 set out complete citations to the official State codes or other State compilations where the full text of the laws and regulations may be found. These citations should be used when ordering copies of particular provisions from BJS or SEARCH. The methodology used in compiling the Compendium included a survey of State officials concerned with criminal record programs and policy, followed by extensive research in the State codes to verify and augment survey responses. The survey and research compiled the laws of 53 jurisdictions: the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. In the Compendium, all of these jurisdictions are referred to as "States." How to use the Compendium Because this volume is a complete compilation of all prior compendia and supplements, it will not be necessary to consult prior volumes. To facilitate use of this volume, the laws and regulations have been classified into 29 subject-matter categories that are defined in section 2. Numerous tables are included in sections 3 and 4 to assist readers in finding laws dealing with particular subjects, or to determine which aspects of information policy are addressed by particular States. The summary tables in section 3 list citations to all State statutes and regulations under each of the 29 classification categories. For example, the table for the category "State regulatory authority" (see page 18) indicates which States have provisions establishing or designating an agency to promulgate statewide regulations governing criminal history records and provides the legal citations to the provisions. In addition to finding particular citations, the reader is able to quickly identify the concentration of States addressing a particular policy area. Another view of State privacy and security trends is reflected in the table on page 16 titled "Survey comparison of changes in State statutes and regulations by classification category." At a glance, the table indicates the degree of attention that a particular area of information policy has received in the States over the past 25 years, as reflected by surveys and research conducted in 1974, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1997, and 1999. A summary table for each State is included in section 4. These tables use the 29 classification categories relating to criminal history record information privacy and security and set out citations to all of the laws and regulations of particular States. If no entry appears under one or more classification categories for a particular State, it means that the State has no law or regulation addressing that policy area, or that research has failed to discover any. The State summary tables presented in section 4 include subdivisions of four classification categories: * Category 3, "Dissemination Regulations," is subdivided to show whether the States authorize or prohibit access by various types of groups or individuals (criminal justice agencies, governmental noncriminal justice agencies, and private agencies or individuals) to various types of information (conviction, nonconviction, and arrest information). * Category 4, "Inspection," is subdivided to show whether the States permit an individual to inspect his criminal history record; inspect his record and take notes; or inspect his record and obtain a copy of information contained in that record. * Category 14, "Accuracy and Completeness," is subdivided to permit statutes to be classified as relating to disposition reporting, auditing, or other accuracy and completeness requirements. * Category 22, "Security," is subdivided to enable statutes to be classified as relating to physical, administrative, or computer security. These classification subdivisions should present a more accurate and detailed view of State legislative and regulatory activity in these four important policy areas, and will make the Compendium a more useful research tool. Section 1: Review and analysis A. Current status of the law In the early 1970s, at a time when public concern about privacy, automation, and mushrooming information systems was at its height, Congress considered several legislative proposals that would have imposed a uniform nationwide information management scheme for State and local handling of criminal history record information. Although Congress did not enact comprehensive legislation, in 1973 it did amend the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. ***Footnote 8: Now Sec. 812(b), Justice Assistance Act of 1984; Pub. L. 98-473.*** The amendment provided in general terms that all criminal history record information collected, maintained, or disseminated by State and local criminal justice agencies with financial support made available under the Act must be kept complete and secure, must be made available for review and challenge by record subjects, and must be used only for law enforcement and other lawful purposes. ***Footnote 9: The amendment does not cover investigative and intelligence information.*** In 1976, the U.S. Department of Justice's Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) issued comprehensive information systems regulations to implement the amendment. ***Footnote 10: "Criminal Justice Information Systems Regulations," 28 C.F.R. Part 20.*** These regulations, usually referred to as the Department of Justice (DOJ) regulations, are applicable to all State and local criminal justice agencies that have used Federal funding for the support of criminal history record systems. The regulations impose minimum general requirements for criminal history information management, leaving the development of specific programs and procedures to State legislation and policymaking. information systems regulations to implement the amendment. ***Footnote 11: Wanted person information, original records of entry, court records, or traffic offense records are specifically exempted from coverage of the Department of Justice regulations.*** As intended, the regulations have been instrumental in stimulating many States to enact their own laws to comply with the requirements of the Federal government. In addition, the regulations triggered a reassessment of existing State privacy and security laws that has gone beyond mere compliance, as evidenced by the fact that about half of the States have enacted comprehensive criminal history laws, some of which are in some respects stricter than the requirements of the regulations. Today, virtually all of the States have enacted legislation governing at least the dissemination of criminal history records. Although the approaches differ considerably, virtually all of the States have followed the lead of the DOJ regulations in distinguishing between information referring to convictions and current arrests, on the one hand, and nonconviction data on the other (information referring to cases without recorded dispositions or with dispositions favorable to the accused). Most States have placed stricter limits on the release of nonconviction data for noncriminal justice purposes, such as background screening for employment and licensing purposes. Virtually all of the States also have established procedures to permit record subjects to review their records and to institute procedures to correct inaccuracies. Finally, virtually all of the States have established security procedures complying generally with the requirements of the regulations. In these areas, as in other areas of record management, the regulations do not require the enactment of legislation, so long as adequate operational procedures are implemented by regulation, agency rule, or other appropriate means. Thus, the number of State statutes in these areas cited in this volume do not fully reflect the significant progress made in these areas of privacy protection. Two areas of criminal history record information management merit special analysis: (1) data quality, and (2) dissemination of criminal records for noncriminal justice purposes. B. Analysis of critical issues 1. Data quality As noted earlier, the broad language of the 1973 Congressional amendment provided the basis for comprehensive regulations issued by LEAA in 1976 covering all State and local criminal history record systems supported in whole or in part by Federal funding. Among other things, the regulations require all covered agencies to implement operational procedures designed to ensure that criminal history record information is complete and accurate. ***Footnote 12: 28 C.F.R.Sec. 20.21(a)(1993).*** The regulations state that to be complete, a record of an arrest must contain information concerning any disposition occurring within the State within 90 days after the disposition has occurred. In order to promote the dissemination of complete criminal history records, the regulations require that State and local agencies establish procedures to query the State central repository prior to disseminating information unless the agency is assured that it is disseminating the most up-to-date disposition data, or time is of the essence and the repository is technically incapable of responding within the necessary time period. ***Footnote 13: [28 C.F.R. Sec. 20.21(a)(1)(1993).*** The provisions of the regulations dealing with accuracy define accuracy literally to mean that "no record containing criminal history record information shall contain erroneous information." ***Footnote 14: 28 C.F.R. Sec. 20.21(a)(2)(1993).*** In order to promote accuracy, two types of operational procedures are required: (1) a process of data collection, entry, storage, and systematic audit that will minimize the possibility of recording and storing inaccurate information; and (2) procedures for sending correction notices to all criminal justice agencies known to have received inaccurate information. As a practical matter, this provision requires agencies to create and maintain dissemination logs so corrections can be sent to recipients of erroneous information. Finally, the regulations require agencies to give criminal record subjects an opportunity, upon request, to review their criminal history record information for purposes of ensuring accuracy and completeness. ***Footnote 15: 28 C.F.R. Sec. 20.21(g)(1993).*** State statutory provisions As noted earlier, the DOJ regulations do not require the States to enact legislation dealing with accuracy and completeness. Many States, however, have chosen to deal with the problem through State law. In 1974, just prior to publication of the regulations, only 14 States had adopted statutory data quality safeguards. By 1978, 2 years after the adoption of the LEAA regulations, 41 States had added data quality provisions of one kind or another to their criminal history record statutes. That number increased to 45 States in 1979, to 49 States in 1981, to 51 States in 1984, and to 52 States in 1991 through 1997. ***Footnote 16: As used in the Compendium, the term "State" includes the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. All except the Virgin Islands have enacted data quality provisions.*** Although the regulations do not expressly require that the States establish State central criminal record repositories, the Commentary published with the regulations noted that the provisions on accuracy and completeness were written with State central repositories in mind. Indeed, the provisions of the regulations dealing with completeness state that complete records "should" be maintained in State central repositories. ***Footnote 17: 28 C.F.R. Sec. 20.21(a)(1)(1993).*** Today every State, as well as the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, have established State central repositories and most of them conform generally to the model described in the Commentary. In all of those States, pursuant to statute, regulation, or established practice, criminal justice agencies throughout the State are required to report arrest and disposition data to the State repositories for all serious offenses (usually felonies and serious misdemeanors). All of the States have statutory provisions expressly requiring the reporting of arrest information. In most cases, arrest information is reported on arrest fingerprint cards, which include the subject's name and identification information, arrest event information (date, place, etc.), arrest charges, and inked fingerprint impressions. (Automated fingerprint systems are assuming these functions in a growing number of States.) All 52 of the jurisdictions with data quality provisions also have adopted legislation that imposes some form of disposition reporting requirement on some types of State and local agencies. ***Footnote 18: "Disposition" is used here to mean post-arrest case processing information, including information relating to prosecution, court adjudication, sentencing, and correctional status.*** Many of these statutes are quite specific as to the types of data to be reported, the responsible agency or official, time requirements, and sanctions. Others, however, merely state a general reporting requirement with little or no detail as to how or by whom reporting is to be accomplished, leaving these particulars to be spelled out in regulations. Even in those States with more detailed reporting laws, not all types of information are covered. Only 31 States specifically require the reporting of prosecutor information to the central repository ***Footnote 19: The 31 States are: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming.*** and in only a few of these States are prosecutors required to report to the repository all of the charges that were filed, modified, or dropped. Forty-five State statutes require the courts (customarily the court clerks) to report disposition information to the central repository. ***Footnote 20: The 45 States are: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.*** Forty-five States require correctional agencies to report correctional information, such as inmate reception, release, parole, escape, or death. ***Footnote 21: The 45 States are: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.*** Other problems with many of the disposition reporting laws include the failure of States to impose time limits for the reporting of disposition data and the lack of meaningful penalties for failure to comply. Only 30 States prescribe statutory time limits for the reporting of disposition data, ***Footnote 22: The 30 States are: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin.*** and many of these apply only to certain types of data. Twenty-three States have adopted statutory provisions that expressly prescribe administrative, civil, or criminal sanctions for violations of disposition reporting requirements, ***Footnote 23: The 23 States are: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kansas, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Utah, Vermont, and West Virginia.*** but research has failed to discover a single reported decision in which a criminal justice official has actually been penalized for failing to comply with disposition reporting requirements. ***Footnote 24: See, SEARCH Group, Inc., Liability for Mishandling Criminal Records (Sacramento, California: SEARCH Group, Inc., April 1984). There are reported decisions, however, penalizing officers for failing to file other types of reports, and one decision penalizing an agency for failing to make a required entry in a dissemination log.*** Statutes that impose transaction log requirements are the most common type of data quality provision other than disposition reporting. Thirty-three States have adopted statutory provisions that require criminal justice agencies to maintain logs identifying the recipients of criminal history record information and the dates of the disseminations. ***Footnote 25: Twenty-three of the 33 States that maintain dissemination logs have specific and relatively detailed transaction log requirements. Those 23 States are: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington.*** Statutes in 35 States require the central repositories to conduct some type of audit. ***Footnote 26: The 35 States are: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming.*** Auditing is generally viewed as one of the most effective data quality procedures. Statutes in 28 of these States require the central repository to conduct continuing or periodic audits of State and local agencies that submit records to the repository. ***Footnote 27: The 28 States are: Alaska, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming.*** The scope of this kind of local agency audit usually includes: (1) adherence by the local agency to Federal and State regulations; (2) completeness and accuracy of criminal history record reporting; (3) adherence to dissemination standards; (4) implementation of appropriate security safeguards; and (5) compliance with mandated subject-access and review provisions. Seventeen States require the repository to conduct an in-house audit of its own records, usually on an annual basis.***Footnote 28: The 17 States are: Alaska, Arizona, California, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. (Alaska requires in-house audits every 2 years. Arizona's law requires "periodic" in-house audits.)*** In general, the scope of these audits parallels the scope of the audits of local agency systems. However, statutes in some of these States expressly require that the in-house audit also attempt to identify case cycles with dispositions that are likely to have occurred but that have not been reported. Statutes in 15 of the States require both an in-house repository audit and audits of contributing agencies. ***Footnote 29: The 15 States are: Alaska, Arizona, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming.*** Finally, statutory provisions adopted in a few States impose other kinds of data quality requirements: * Statutes in 14 States require State and local criminal justice agencies to query the central repository prior to disseminating criminal history record information in order to assure that the most up-to-date disposition information is being used. ***Footnote 30: The 14 States are: Alaska, Arizona, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Maine, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Virginia, and Washington.*** * Thirteen States have added provisions to their statutes that require the repository to implement some kind of delinquent disposition monitoring system (for example, a system designed to periodically identify arrest entries for which dispositions are probably available but not reported). ***Footnote 31: The 13 States are: Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, and Washington.*** * Six States have adopted statutory provisions that specifically impose training requirements on personnel involved in entering data into criminal history record systems. ***Footnote 32: The six States are: Alabama, Alaska, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Wyoming.*** * Seven States have adopted statutory provisions that address the use of automated programs to provide systematic editing procedures for the purpose of detecting missing or nonconforming data.***Footnote 33: The seven States are: Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, Kentucky, Nebraska, South Carolina, and Virginia.*** Of course, in almost every State, the bulk of data quality requirements is expressed in regulations or administrative policies and procedures, rather than in legislation. However, the extent to which State legislation addresses data quality issues is a reflection of a State's concern about data quality. It is clear, however, that the enactment of legislation and the issuance of regulations are not enough to solve the problem of data quality. While 52 States have adopted at least some standards for accuracy and completeness that reflect standards in the DOJ regulations, there is little question that the quality of criminal history data in this Nation falls short of satisfactory. Disposition reporting - or the lack of reporting - remains the most serious deficiency, especially in terms of court disposition reporting. Next in importance is auditing. Numerous States have statutory provisions requiring ongoing systematic audits and annual in-house audits; in practice, however, many States have not made data quality auditing a priority sufficient to comply with existing standards. The issue is commitment: The States must be committed to put into place - and practice - procedures to collect and maintain complete and accurate data, and to scrupulously and regularly conduct systematic audits to ensure compliance with those procedures. 2. Access to criminal history records for noncriminal justice purposes Background Reversing a trend that began after issuance of the DOJ regulations, criminal history record information is increasingly becoming available outside of the criminal justice system. Even nonconviction information is now being made more available to noncriminal justice agencies. Twenty-three States have adopted open record or freedom of information statutes that cover some types of criminal history record information. (See the survey comparison table on page 16.) This does not mean that criminal history record information is publicly available in these States in all circumstances, but it does mean that some types of information are more available than before. As a part of this trend, a majority of the States now permit access to some criminal history records by at least some types of noncriminal justice agencies and private entities. For example, special access rights are increasingly accorded to governmental agencies with national security missions, and to licensing boards and some governmental and private employers screening applicants for sensitive positions, such as those involving public safety, supervision of children, or custody of valuable property. The Congressional efforts of the 1970s to enact Federal legislation setting nationwide dissemination standards for State criminal history record systems failed. In addition, the LEAA regulations on criminal history record systems issued in 1976 did not undertake to set a uniform policy on noncriminal justice access, but instead essentially left the matter up to the legislatures and governors of the individual States. Section 20.21(b)(2) of the regulations provides that noncriminal justice access and use is permitted if "authorized by statute, ordinance, executive order, or court rule, decision or order as construed by appropriate State or local officials or agencies." This approach, though laudable from the standpoint of States' rights, has resulted in a great diversity of statutory schemes in the States. It has also resulted in a steadily increasing volume of authorized noncriminal justice use. A national survey conducted in 1998 determined that roughly 35 percent of the fingerprint cards submitted by States to the FBI and processed in Fiscal Year 1997 were for noncriminal justice purposes, and that nine States - Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Idaho, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey, Oregon, and Washington - submitted more fingerprint cards during that period for noncriminal justice rather than criminal justice purposes. ***Footnote 34: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, Survey of State Criminal History Information Systems, 1997, by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, NCJ 175041, April 1999).*** A similar study in 1993 found that only around 9 percent of the fingerprint cards received by the FBI from States that year were for noncriminal justice purposes, and no States submitted more fingerprints for noncriminal justice than criminal justice purposes. ***Footnote 35: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, Survey of Criminal History Information System, 1993, by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, NCJ 148951, January 1995).*** In many of these States, every session of the legislature in recent years has resulted in new statutory authority for noncriminal justice agencies and groups to obtain criminal record checks for such purposes as public and private employment, occupational licensing, and the issuance of various permits, certifications, and clearances. As a result, it is probably safe to say that, in most States, present laws and policies on noncriminal justice access and use consist of a patchwork of statutory and regulatory provisions resulting from independent lobbying efforts by particular groups rather than from a comprehensive review of the issues and development of a consistent, balanced, statewide policy. It is literally true that no two State statutes on noncriminal justice access are identical. The following analysis of State statutory provisions confirms these observations. State statutory provisions State statutes governing dissemination of criminal history records for noncriminal justice purposes are so varied as to defy classification. A few States have no statutory provisions setting statewide policies on noncriminal justice access; in these States, the DOJ regulations control access and use. In a few other States, the statute does nothing more than delegate to a designated official the authority to issue rules and regulations on noncriminal justice dissemination. In States that do have laws dealing with the subject, the statutory approaches vary from those of Florida, Wisconsin, and other "open record" States, where anyone can obtain access to criminal history records for any purpose, to that of Tennessee, which prohibits noncriminal justice access and use except for limited purposes specifically authorized by statute and which makes it a criminal offense to release criminal history records for unauthorized purposes. The other States fall somewhere in between, with statutory approaches that differ greatly as to what types of noncriminal justice agencies may have access to particular types of records for particular purposes. There are, however, some patterns and similarities, due to the influence of the DOJ regulations. The regulations do not place any restrictions on the dissemination of conviction records or open arrest records (arrest records with no recorded disposition) less than 1 year old. Nonconviction records (favorable dispositions, including decisions not to refer or prosecute charges and indefinite postponements, and open arrest records over a year old and not actively pending) may be disseminated for any purpose authorized by statute, ordinance, executive order, or court ruling. Most of the States have followed this approach of treating conviction records differently from nonconviction records. Commonly, the States place few or no restrictions on the dissemination of conviction records and a number of States also do not restrict the dissemination of open arrest records less than a year old. Nonconviction records are restricted to a greater degree and in some States may not be disseminated at all for noncriminal justice purposes, or may be disseminated only for particular purposes under specified circumstances. Another similarity among many States is that the statutory provisions do not specifically identify particular noncriminal justice agencies or organizations that may obtain criminal history records. Instead, they define classes or types of agencies or organizations that may obtain certain types of records for specified purposes. Out-of-State or Federal agencies may be included, in addition to in-State, private, and governmental agencies. The statutes may define permitted purposes in specific or more general terms. For example, some States authorize the use of criminal history records for any occupational licensing or employment purpose, while others authorize such use only for screening applicants for high-risk occupations, such as those involving the public safety, supervision of children, or custody of cash, valuable property, or information. Many of the laws also require that certain agencies or organizations must be able to show specific legal authority under other statutory provisions to obtain criminal records or that the need for the record must be approved by a designated board, council, or official. The statutory provisions that require separate legal authority for certain types of agencies vary considerably from State to State. The requirement may simply provide that the requestor must be "authorized by law" or must have "legal authority" or that the records must be necessary for a "lawful purpose." Such provisions are interpreted in some States as authorizing the dissemination of criminal records for employment and occupational licensing purposes where the employing or licensing agencies are required by law to screen out applicants who are not of "good moral character." Other State criminal record statutes, however, authorize the release of records for noncriminal justice purposes only if the requesting agency is "expressly" authorized by some other provision of State or Federal law to obtain criminal records for use in the course of official duties. This is a much stricter standard. Still stricter provisions authorize the release of criminal records only pursuant to statutory provisions that expressly refer to criminal conduct or to criminal records and contain requirements, exclusions, or limitations based upon such conduct or records. Where prior approval by a council, board, or designated official is required for the release of criminal records for noncriminal justice purposes, the designated standard for approval varies among the States. For example, criminal record laws in New Hampshire and South Dakota delegate general discretion to the director of the criminal history record repository to determine who may have access, while Massachusetts law provides that the Criminal History Systems Board must find that the public interest in releasing criminal records to particular noncriminal justice requesters outweighs the security and privacy interests of the record subject. Several States require that the record subject must consent in writing to any release of his or her criminal history record for noncriminal justice purposes. State dissemination policies As evident from the discussion above, the criminal history record laws in many States provide only the framework for the State's policies on dissemination. Specific legal authority for particular agencies or organizations to obtain criminal records may be set out in separate statutory provisions, executive orders, or even local ordinances. In addition, the actual policies and practices of particular States may be set out in regulations or may be based upon written or unwritten repository policies. These policies and practices often provide for more restrictive dissemination approaches than the criminal record laws require them to be. That is, usually due to lack of staff and facilities, many State repositories do not provide records to all of the noncriminal justice agencies and organizations that are authorized to obtain them under their laws. In addition, many States impose administrative requirements that may not be required specifically by their laws. For example, some States require that the subject's fingerprints be submitted with all requests for noncriminal justice access, and that records may be released only when a fingerprint comparison positively verifies that the requested record relates to the subject of the request. All except a handful of the States charge fees ranging from $2 to $44 for processing record searches for noncriminal justice purposes. ***Footnote 36: Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and West Virginia have not statutorily established fees for noncriminal justice requests for criminal history record information.*** Interstate dissemination Until recently, the considerable disparity among State dissemination laws was not perceived as a serious obstacle to the interstate dissemination of criminal records for noncriminal justice purposes, such as employment and occupational licensing. This was due primarily to the fact that there was no effective system linking the State repositories together in such a way as to permit the efficient exchange of records from State to State for noncriminal justice purposes. National criminal record checks for noncriminal justice purposes have been feasible in the past only through use of the criminal files maintained in the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division, which contain arrest and disposition information voluntarily submitted by criminal justice agencies throughout the country. Pursuant to Federal laws and regulations, searches of these files are conducted for Federal noncriminal justice agencies for such purposes as civilian employment, security clearances, military recruitment, alien registration, visas, and other official purposes, and for Federal and State law enforcement agencies for criminal justice employment purposes. Searches also are conducted for State and local governmental employment and licensing agencies with approved legal authority to request such searches and for employment in federally chartered or insured banks and designated segments of the securities and commodities industries. Although the criminal files of the U.S. Department of Justice are made up primarily of arrest and disposition data submitted by State and local criminal justice agencies, these records are subject to Federal law and are disseminated by the FBI pursuant to Federal laws and regulations authorizing record checks for the agencies and organizations noted above. Under this program, inquiring Federal agencies are provided with all of the information the FBI possesses on subject individuals, including favorable dispositions and open arrest records without regard to the age of the record. Responses provided to banks, securities firms, and State employment and licensing agencies include the subject's entire record with the exception of open arrests that are over a year old and not actively pending. Thus, because most States' dissemination laws are more restrictive than the Federal standard, it is possible for authorized Federal and State noncriminal justice agencies to legally obtain State-contributed records from the FBI for purposes for which they could not, in some cases, obtain the records directly from the States in which the records originated. This system of duplicate State and Federal files is being phased out because of concern about the expense of maintaining and updating records at both the State and Federal levels. The emerging system replaces the "national repository" concept with a system based on a national index linking State repositories. This system is known as the Interstate Identification Index (usually referred to as "III" or "Triple I"). When the system is fully operational nationwide, the III index maintained at the national level will contain personal identification data on individuals whose criminal records are maintained in State criminal record repositories (State offenders) and in the criminal files of the FBI (Federal offenders), but it will not contain any charge or disposition information. The index will serve as a "pointer" to refer inquiring criminal justice agencies to the State or Federal files where the requested criminal history records are maintained. The records will be exchanged directly between the States and between State and Federal criminal justice agencies by means of telecommunications lines linking Federal, State, and local criminal justice agencies throughout the country. Dissemination and use of the records obtained by means of the system will be governed by the laws and policies of the receiving jurisdictions. Each State will enforce its own laws and policies within its borders; record dissemination and use by Federal agencies will be governed by Federal law. Conclusion The absence of Federal legislation or regulations establishing a uniform nationwide dissemination policy for State criminal record systems has permitted the States to develop and implement their own approaches to the release of criminal records for noncriminal justice purposes. This has had the laudable effect of leaving the States free to establish their own privacy and confidentiality laws and policies to strike a proper balance between the rights of record subjects and the public interest. However, this has also resulted in the evolution of widely varying State approaches, and in laws and policies in many States that are more restrictive than the Federal standard that governs noncriminal justice use of the FBI's files of State-contributed criminal history records. These factors constitute serious obstacles to the implementation of an "index-pointer" system for the interstate exchange of criminal records, such as the III system now being implemented. The ultimate success of this national program for the interstate exchange of criminal history records for noncriminal justice purposes will depend upon the willingness of many of the States to modify existing restrictions in their laws and policies in order to provide a comparable level of service to Federal agencies and other noncriminal justice agencies that are now authorized to obtain records from the FBI. It was apparent to the State and Federal officials who developed the III concept that full participation in the index-pointer system would eventually require most States to modify their existing laws and policies governing the availability of criminal history records for noncriminal justice purposes in order to meet the proposed interstate standard on record availability. In addition, Federal and State officials recognized a need to formally commit the FBI and participating State repositories to long-term participation in a decentralized system. These goals could possibly have been realized through the enactment of Federal legislation in combination with uniform State laws or independent State legislative action. However, there was a strong consensus from the emergence of the III concept that favored the use of an interstate/Federal-State compact to implement the system. Such a compact must be ratified in identical form by all parties, and no party can unilaterally amend it after ratification. Ratifying parties can withdraw from the compact only through the same formal action used for ratification, a feature that provides some assurance of long-term participation by ratifying parties. Because the compact takes precedence over conflicting State or Federal laws, and because the compact authorizes the State repositories to provide record responses for all authorized III purposes, ratification of the compact would have the effect of providing the repositories with needed interstate record dissemination authority in those cases where such authority is now lacking under State law. The National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact, which governs III use for noncriminal justice purposes, was approved by the Congress on October 8, 1998, and signed by the President on October 9, 1998. ***Footnote 37: Public Law 105-251; 112 Statutes at Large 1870. Codified at 42 USCA Sec. 14611 et seq.] It became effective, by its terms, on April 28, 1999, when ratified by the second State. As of April 2000, six States - Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Montana, and Nevada - have ratified the compact. Based on representations of State officials, it appears likely that one or two more States will ratify the Compact in the year 2000 and that numerous other States will ratify it in the next several years. The compact binds the FBI and ratifying States to participate in the III noncriminal justice access program in accordance with the compact and established system policies. Authorized users are the same as those currently authorized to obtain records from the FBI's files. Participating State repositories are authorized and required to make all unsealed criminal history records available in response to authorized noncriminal justice requests. All noncriminal justice access to the system is through the FBI and the State repositories and is based upon fingerprint identification of record subjects to ensure positive identification. Release and use of information obtained through the system for noncriminal justice purposes is governed by the laws of the receiving States, and the receiving repositories are required to screen record responses and delete any information that cannot legally be released within the State. The compact established a Compact Council, comprised of Federal and State officials and other members representing user interests, to establish operating policies for noncriminal justice uses of the III system. Section 2: Classification category definitions The following are definitions of the 29 subject-matter categories into which State laws and regulations have been classified in this Compendium, as illustrated in both the individual classification category tables in section 3 and the summary State tables in section 4. 1. State regulatory authority. A grant of power to a State agency to promulgate statewide security and privacy regulations for criminal justice information systems. 2. Privacy and security council. A State board, committee, commission, or council whose primary statutory function is monitoring, evaluating, or supervising the confidentiality and security of criminal justice information. 3. Dissemination regulations. Restrictions on dissemination of criminal history information. 4. Inspection. The right of an individual to examine his or her criminal history record. 5. Right to challenge. The right to an administrative proceeding in which an individual may contest the accuracy or completeness of his or her criminal history record. 6. Judicial review of challenged information. The right of an individual to appeal to a State court an adverse agency decision concerning challenged information. 7. Purging nonconviction information. The destruction or return to the individual of criminal justice information where no conviction has resulted from the event triggering the collection of the information. 8. Purging conviction information. The destruction or return to an individual of criminal history information indicating a conviction. 9. Sealing nonconviction information. The removal of criminal history information from active files where no conviction has resulted from the event triggering the collection of the information. 10. Sealing conviction information. The removal from active files of individual criminal history information indicating a conviction. 11. Removal of disqualifications. The restoration of rights and privileges, such as public employment, to persons who have had criminal history records purged or sealed. 12. Right to state nonexistence of record. The right to indicate in response to public or private inquiries the absence of criminal history in cases of arrest not leading to conviction or where an arrest or conviction record has been purged. 13. Research access. The provision for and regulation of access to criminal justice information by outside researchers. 14. Accuracy and completeness. A requirement that agencies institute procedures to ensure reasonably complete and accurate criminal history information, including the setting of deadlines for the reporting of prosecutorial and court dispositions. 15. Dedication. The requirement that computer configurations be assigned exclusively to the criminal justice function. 16. Civil remedies. Statutory actions for damages or other relief resulting from violations of privacy and security laws. 17. Criminal penalties. Criminal sanctions for violations of privacy and security laws. 18. Public records. Requirements that official records maintained by public officials be open to the public. 19. Separation of files. Requirements that criminal history information be stored separate from investigative and intelligence information. 20. Regulation of intelligence collection. Restrictions on the kind of intelligence information that may be collected and retained and/or prohibition on its storage in computerized systems. 21. Regulation of intelligence dissemination. Restrictions on dissemination of intelligence information. 22. Security. Requirements that criminal justice agencies institute procedures to protect their information systems from unauthorized disclosure, sabotage, and accidents. 23. Transaction logs. Records that must be maintained by criminal justice agencies indicating when and to whom criminal justice information is disseminated. 24. Training employees. Security and privacy instruction that must be provided to employees handling criminal justice information. 25. Listing of information systems. A mandatory disclosure of the existence of all criminal justice information systems describing the information contained in such systems. 26. Freedom of Information Act (including criminal justice information). Provisions for public access to government records that apply to criminal justice records. 27. Freedom of Information Act (excluding criminal justice information). Provisions for public access to government records from which criminal justice records are specifically excluded. 28. Central State repository. Establishment of a bureau, agency, or other entity to collect and maintain criminal history records or criminal identification data for all criminal justice agencies in the State. 29. National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact enacted. Enactment of the National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact, which authorizes the State repository to provide record responses for all authorized III purposes. Section 3: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by classification category A. Survey comparison of changes in State statutes and regulations by classification category The table on the following page, "Survey comparison of changes in State statutes and regulations by classification category," graphically depicts comparative results of legislative survey findings for the years 1974, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1997, and 1999, which track changes in State security and privacy statutes and regulations by classification category. The reader should note, however, that each survey year is included in the results of the succeeding survey, with the cumulative sum of the legislative activity reflected in the current survey year. The table shows that the leveling trend detected in the 1984 survey has continued. Surveys through 1981 showed significant increases in the number of States enacting new laws or regulations in most categories. More recent surveys show that legislative activity defining the criminal record dissemination philosophies and practices of particular States has slowed. This probably reflects two developments: 1. Most of the States have now settled on the basic approach they favor concerning the regulation of the maintenance and use of criminal records, and recent legislation has dealt with refinements in existing laws rather than enactment of new initiatives. (State legislatures have been busy in recent years, however, dramatically expanding the number of noncriminal justice agencies and private sector entities that are authorized to access criminal history records for licensing purposes and to determine employment suitability.) 2. The basic principles of security and privacy reflected in the DOJ regulations have become widely recognized and understood by criminal justice officials, and procedures to prevent abuses have been established and enforced. Security and privacy issues and concerns are not as prevalent as they were in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when the States were beginning to wrestle with the problem of compliance with the regulations. As a result, the survey comparison table shows that, in many categories, the numbers for 1999 are the same or only slightly higher as those for 1984 through 1997. In most of the others, the numbers reflect new enactments by only one or two States. Survey comparison of changes in State statutes and regulations by classification category* Category '74 '78 '79 '81 '84 '87 '89 '92 '94 '97 '99+ 1. State regulatory authority 7 38 42 46 48 48 48 48 48 48 50 2. Privacy and security council 2 10 13 22 27 26 25 23 23 23 22 3. Dissemination regulations 24 40 44 51 52 52 52 52 52 52 53 4. Inspection 12 40 43 42 53 53 52 52 51 51 51 5. Right to challenge 10 30 36 36 41 42 42 45 45 45 44 6. Judicial review of challenged information 10 20 22 17 20 21 22 24 24 24 23 7. Purging nonconviction information 20 23 28 35 38 38 38 39 39 40 42 8. Purging conviction information 7 13 19 24 26 27 27 27 27 26 27 9. Sealing nonconviction information 8 15 16 20 21 23 26 26 29 31 33 10. Sealing conviction information 7 20 21 22 25 25 26 27 29 30 30 11. Removal of disqualifications 6 22 22 27 27 24 24 24 24 23 22 12. Right to state nonexistence of record 6 13 17 22 24 25 26 28 31 33 32 13. Research access 6 12 14 21 27 28 29 29 32 33 36 14. Accuracy and completeness 14 41 45 49 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 15. Dedication 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 16. Civil remedies 6 22 25 33 36 37 38 36 36 36 35 17. Criminal penalties 18 35 39 39 43 44 45 45 44 44 46 18. Public records 9 43 42 53 53 53 53 52 52 52 53 19. Separation of files 5 10 10 6 7 10 10 11 13 1 12 20. Regulation of intelligence collection 3 10 10 12 16 18 20 20 21 21 21 21. Regulation of intelligence dissemination 7 24 25 18 25 23 23 24 25 26 30 22. Security 12 26 31 32 38 40 40 40 42 43 42 23. Transaction logs 6 11 27 28 30 34 35 33 35 35 35 24. Training employees 4 18 23 15 22 24 26 25 27 27 27 25. Listing of information systems 1 8 8 7 6 7 7 8 8 8 5 26. FOIA (including CJI) ** ** 18 27 28 29 30 29 26 25 23 27. FOIA (excluding CJI) ** ** 19 22 23 23 26 28 30 29 29 28. Central State repository ** ** ** 51 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 29. National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact enacted*** 6 *The figures presented are cumulative and may include statutes or regulations previously enacted but excluded from prior surveys. **Data are unavailable for these years. ***The Compact was signed into law October 1998, and became effective April 1999 after its ratification by two States. +In some cases, where the total number has decreased, laws have been repealed. B. Summary of State statutes and regulations by classification category The other 29 tables in this section - titled "Summary of State statutes and regulations by classification category" - contain detailed matrixes summarizing State statutes and regulations through July 1999. For easy reference, the table for each particular classification category is organized alphabetically by State, and the matrix references are keyed to section numbers of the State codes. These summary tables, and all other tables in this Compendium, reflect the laws of 53 jurisdictions: the 50 States and the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The citations are to official compilations of State laws and regulations. Only title and section numbers are set out in these summary tables. For the full titles of the compilations to which the citations refer, please refer to the "State Code Titles" table in section 4, page 53. Summary of State statutes and regulations by classification category 1. State regulatory authority AL 41-9-591, 594 AK 12.62.110(5), .120(a) AZ 41-750, 2405 AR 12-12-201, 207, 211, 1003 CA Pen. Code 11077 CO 24-33.5-401; 24-72-301 CT 54-142j DE 11-8501, 8601, 8605 DC FL 943.05 GA 35-3-31, 32, 33 HI 846-2.5 ID 19-5203; 67-3003 IL 20-3930/4, 7 IN 5-2-5-10; 10-1-2.5-1 IA 232.45, .148; 690.1; 692.10 KS 22-4704 KY 17.147, .150(6) LA 15:579 ME 25-1541(4) MD 27-746 MA 6-168 MI 28.155; 28.241 et seq. MN 299C.01, .03 MS 45-27-7(1)(a) MO 43.509, 515 MT 44-2-201; 44-5-105 NE 29-3516 NV 179A.080 NH 106-B:14 NJ 53:1-12 NM 29-3-1; 32A-15-4 NY Exec. Law 837, Subd. 8; Corr. Law 29(2); Pub. Off. Law 89(1)(b) NC 114-10.1, .5, 12, 19; 132-1.4 ND 12-60-07; Admin. Code 10-13-02-01 OH 109.57 OK 47-2-124; 74-150.4, Subd. 4.; 74-150.7, Subd. 2.; 74-150.7d OR 181.066, .511, .521, .540, .555, .560, .575; 181.730(3); Reg. Ch. 257, Div. 10 PA 18-9152, 9161 PR 4-531 RI SC 23-3-130 SD 23-5-5, 6; Reg. 2:02:01, 05 TN 38-6-101; 38-10-101 through 105 TX Gov't Code 411.042 UT 53-10-201 VT 20-2051 VI 3-258 VA 9-170, 188 WA 10.97.090 WV 15-2-25 WI WY 7-19-105; 9-1-623 2. Privacy and security council AL 41-9-594 AK 12.62.100 AZ 41-2405(11)(i) AR 12-12-201, 202, 203 CA CO CT DE 11-8603 DC FL 943.06, .08; Reg. 11C-5 GA 35-3-32 HI ID IL 20-3930/2, 7 IN 5-2-5-11 IA KS KY LA 15:578 ME MD 27-744 MA MI Regs. Sec. 28.5107 MN MS 45-27-7(1)(f) MO 43.515, 518 MT NE 29-3505 NV 179A.080 NH Reg. 7.C, D NJ NM NY Pub. Off. Law 89, Subd. (2)(a) NC ND OH OK 74-150.4 OR 181.540, .715; Regs. Sec. 257-10 PA PR 4-531g RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VI VA 9-170 WA WV WI WY 3. Dissemination regulations AL 26-1-4; 32-2-60, 61, 62; 41-9-621, 621(6), 639, 642; Reg. 003 AK 12.62.160, .160(a) except as authorized, .160(b)(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (8),(9), (10) AZ 4-202.E; 8-105, 105.D, .Q; 15-512, 534; 20-142.E, 323.B; 28-414.E; 32-1524.A,2108.01; 36-883.02; 41-1606.02, 1750.G, 1750.G.1, 1750.G.2, 1954, 1964, 2204.6; R13-1-01, 06.4 AR 6-17-410, 414; 9-13-105; 9-28-409; 12-12-211, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011; 17-1-103;17-19-203; 20-33-203; 20-78-602 CA Pen. Code. 291, 291.1, .5, 11076, 11077, 11105, 11105.02, 11105.03, .2, .3, .4,13203, 13300; Lab. Code 432.7, .7(f)(1); Step Foundation, Inc. v. Younger (App 1979);157 Cal. Rptr. 117 CO 24-72-305, 305.3, .4, .5 CT 29-16; 54-142k, 142n DE 3-10128(b); 11-1448A, 8511, 8513, 8514, 8516, 8561, 8571; 13-2205(a)(3)(e);16-1141; 24-904, 1329; 29-4805(a)(16), (17), 4807(a); 31-309(d)(1), (2); 31-613(c);33-2205(a)(3)(c) DC 1-1521 et seq.; 4-133.1; 16-5003; 23-1303(a); 1 DCMR 1004.1, .4, .5 FL 119.07; 397.451; 744.3135; 790.065; 943.053, .0535, .0542, .0575, .0585, .059;Reg. 11C-6, 7 GA 35-3-33, 34, 34(b), 35, 37(d)(5); 50-18-101; Reg. 140-2-.01, .04, .04(1),.04(1)(b), .04(1)(b)(3), .04(1)(c), .04(1)(e), .04(1)(f), .04(1)(g), .04(2), .04(2)(b) HI 261-17; 333F-22; 346-19.6, 154; 352-5.5; 353C-5; 463-5 et seq.; 514A-82; 571-34;846-9, 10, 41, 42, 43 ID 67-3008 IL 15-310/10b.1; 20-415/8b.1; 20-1605/10.1; 20-2605/55a(22), (25), (28), (32), (34);20-2630/3, 3.1, 5, 7; 20-2635/1 et seq.; 40-5/2-156; 40-5/14-149; 40-5/15-187;40-5/18-163; 65-5/10-2.1-6.2; 105-5/10-21.9; 105-5/34-18.5; 225-10/4, 4.1, 4.2;225-210/2002; 225-446/75, 80; 230-5/15, 10/5(d), 10/22, 15(3); 230-10/22; 235-5/4-7;625-5/6-106.1, 411; 625-5/189-200; 705-405/1.7, 5-905 IN 4-30-6-3; 4-32-13-4; 5-2-5-4, 5, 5.1; 10-1-1-21; 12-17.4-4-3, 5-3; 16-27-2-4;16-28-13-4; 20-5-2-7; 20-6.1-3-7.1; 25-36.5-1-18; 34-28-2-3 IA 216A.136; 232.71.15; 252B.9.7(h); 692.2, .2(5), .2(b)(6), .17; 692A.13; 724.10,.17; 904.602.2(g); Regs. 61-2-13.2(j); 441-107.8(c), 108.8(13), 109.6(b), 110-25.8(a),110.31, 113.13, 157.3(17)(b); 481-57.12(3)(a), 58.11(3)(a), 59.13(1)(a), 62.9(a),63.11(3)(a), 64.34(1), 65.9(a); 571-15.9(3)(f), .10(3)(f); 657-6.2(4)(b); 661-4.4(5),8.104(d), 11.12 IA 216A.136; 232.71.15; 252B.9.7(h); 692.2, .2(5), .2(b)(6), .17; 692A.13; 724.10,.17; 904.602.2(g); Regs. 61-2-13.2(j); 441-107.8(c), 108.8(13), 109.6(b), 110-25.8(a),110.31, 113.13, 157.3(17)(b); 481-57.12(3)(a), 58.11(3)(a), 59.13(1)(a), 62.9(a),63.11(3)(a), 64.34(1), 65.9(a); 571-15.9(3)(f), .10(3)(f); 657-6.2(4)(b); 661-4.4(5),8.104(d), 11.12 KS 22-4704, 4707(b); Reg. 10-11-2, 10-12-1, 10-12-2; 16-5-1(e)(2)(B); 17-20-1(c) KY 17.150, .160, .165, .167; Reg. 500 KAR 2:020; 502 KAR 30:060; 503 KAR 1:140 LA 15:546, 547, 548, 576, 584, 587, 587.1, 587.2, 825.3; 17:15; 26:800; 36:454, 654;37:760, 918, 1270, 1395.1, 3505; 40:61.1, 1235.2, 1236.2, 1300.52, 1379.3(k); 44:3;46:51.2, 282, 286.1; Reg. LAC 22-507, 1303, 1305 ME 5-5301; 16-612(3), 612(3)(A), (B), 612(A), 613(1), 613(2), 615, 617; 20A-6101,13011, 22-3480, 4021 MD 10-102, 103, 104; 11-506.1; 12-204, 207; 19-907; 20-305; 27-255C(e)(4); 27-749;38A-7A; 83C-132; Reg. 12.15.01.10, .11, .12, .13; Reg. 12.15.02.06; Fam. Law 5-560 through 5-568 MA 6-168, 172, 172B, 172C, 172E, 178A, 178I; 128A-9A; 234A-33; Reg. 803 CMR 3.02-3.06, 4.01, 4.01(3), 4.02, 5.00 et seq., 7.03, 7.03(1)(d) MI 15.231 et seq.; 28.243, 244; 28.5210; 256.604; 257.248f; 380.1230, 1230a;432.221; 500.249a; 722.13; Regs. 432.1301; Gov. Exec. Ord. 1990-10 MN 13.82; 13.82, Subd. 15; 53A.03; 122A.18; 123B.03; 148B.21; 171.3215; 221.84;241.021; 244.052; 299C.095, .13; 364.04(1), (2), (3); Reg. 6 S.R. 269-272; Admin. Code 7400.0200; 7406.0360; 7411.0610; 7414.0400; 7570.0020; 7862.0010; 7863.0010; 7864.0010;9502.0345; 9555.6125 MS 43-20-8, 57; 45-27-7(1)(d); 45-31-5, 7, 12, 13; 75-67-509 MO 43.540, .543; 84.720; 610.100, .120; 660-317; Reg. CSR 30-4.070, .370, .375 MT 44-5-214, 301, 301(1)(a), 301(1)(b), 302, 303 NE 14-702; 28-1229; 29-210, 3520, 3523; 43-107, 3201; 69-2410; 71-1903; 79-8, 112,114; 83-1217, 1217.02 NV 179A.075.4(a); 179A.100, .180 through .240; 179B.250; 202.366; 239B.010;379.0077; 391.033; 394.465; 414.290; 424.033; 425.393; 432A.175; 449.179; 482.3163;599B.115; 632.344; 648.203; 6450.180 NH Gen. 106-B:14, 14a; 159-C:2, 3; 189:13-a; 651-B:7; Reg. 3.A.2, 3.B, 3.B.2, 3.B.3,3.B.8 NJ 52:48-5.1; 53:1-16, 17; NJAC 5:2A-5, 15; 5:12-76; 8:43I-3.1; 9:3-54.2;10:121-4.2; 11:1-28.7, :5-3.3; 11:1-37.17, :5-15; 13:1E-128; 13:39-3.13, :445-9.2;13:59-1.1; 13:85-3.1; 16:79-1.1; 17:15A-36; 18A:6-4.14, :39-19.1; 19:8-10.1, :9-5.1;26:2H-83; 27:25-15.1; 30:4-3.5, :4C-26.8; 39:4-197.10; 40A:12A-22.2; 45:5A-26;45:11-24.3; 53.1-20.8, .9a, .16; NM 6-24-12; 11-13-1; 14-2-1; 14-2A-1; 28-2-3; 29-3-2, 3; 29-6-4.2; 29-10-4, 5, 6, 7;29-17-5; 32A-2-32; 32A-3B-22; 32A-15-3; 34-2-9; 60-2E-5, 11; 74-4-4.7, 6-5.1, 9-21 NY Pub. Off. Law 87(2)(e); Corr. Law 29, Sec. 168-1(5); CPL 160.30, .50, .50(1)(c),.50(1)(d), .55(1)(c), .55(1)(d), 170.56(3), 330.20; Exec. Law 837(4), 837(6), 837(8-a),837-c(c), 837-n; Arts & Cul. Affairs Law Sec. 61.11; Alco. & Bev. Control Law Sec. 126; Banking Law Sec.Sec. 22(a), 22(b), 369, 591, 591-a, 4002(a), 4002(b), 9001-a(a),9001-a(b); Civil Ser. Law Sec. 50(4)(d); Soc. Serv. Law 378-a; Reg. 9 NYCRR 6052.1,6150.4; Veh. & Traffic Sec. 509-d, 1229-d; Tax Law 1605(e); Fam. Court Act Sec. 306.2;Pen. Law Sec. 400.00(4); Gen. Bus. Law Sec.Sec. 69-o, 72, 81, 89-e, 89-i; Ch. 264, Laws of 1993; Environ. Cons. Law Sec.Sec. 27-0913, 27-1517; Gen. Muni. Law Art. 9-A, Sec.481; Insur. Law Sec.Sec. 1102(e)(2), 2108(d), 6802(g), 7802(f)(4), 7803; Men. Hygiene Law Sec.Sec. 7.09, 9.27, 9.37, 9.39, 9.41, 9.43, 9.45; Racing, Pari-Mutuel Wag. & Breed. Law Sec.Sec. 213, 309, 407 NC 14-415.12; 48-3-309; 85B-3.2; 110-90.2; 114-10, 10.1, 19, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5, 19.6,19.7, 19.8, 19.9, 115C-332; 131D-10.3A; 132-1.4; Reg. 10 NCAC 34.2701, .2702, .2703,.2704; 10 NCAC 41F.0813; 12 NCAC 2I.0203; 12 NCAC 4F.0405, .0406; 12 NCAC 9B.0102,.0103; 12 NCAC 10B.0305; 12 NCAC 70.0201, .0203, .0902, .0904; 12 NCAC 11.0201; 14A NCAC 8H.0203; 16 NCAC 6C.0313; 19A NCAC 3J.0902; 21 NCAC 4B.0201; Reg. NCAC 4F.0401, .0402,.0403, .0407, .0408 ND 4-41-02; 5-02-02; 12-60-16.5, 16.6; 12.1-32; 14-15-11; 15-38; 43-30-06; 50-11-02,02.4, 06.8; 50-11.1-06.2; 50-11.3-01; 50-12-03.2; 53-06.1-06; 53-06.2-05; Admin. Code 10-13-04-01; 93-02-01-06; 93-02-02-13; 99-01.3-02-02 OH 109.57(A), .572, .77; 311.01; 2950.03; 3734.42; Admin. Code 109:5-1-01;4501:2-10-03 OK 10-404.1, 7004-1.5, 7209; 21.1290.12; 51-24A.2, .8; 56-1025.2; 74-150.9, .9B, .9C OR 181.537, .538, .539, 555(1), 555(2), 560(1)(b); 326-607; 657A.030; Reg.411-009-0015, 0021; 416-540-0060; 416-800-0060 PA 3-456.4; 5-3302; 18-9121(a), (b), 9124, 9125; 23-6344; 24-1-111; 35-7131.503;42-1904, 6342; 53-2164; 62-432; 63-674; Reg. 4-7.343; 6-11.18; 6-15.121; 22-8.2;37-21.11; 52-30.12, 30.72; 55-3490.125, 2380.20, 6000.22, 6000.31, 6400.21, 6500.23;365-11.3-303, 11.8-801, 11.9-901 PR 4-531, 531c; 8-69; 8(a), (c)(1) RI 11-37.1-12; 12-1-4; 14-1-34; 15-7-11; 16-48.1-4, .1-5; 23-19.1-10; 38-2-2 SC 13-7-610; 20-7-610, 616, 635, 1640, 3097; 23-3-130; 40-35-230; Gen. 23-3-130, 140;Reg. 73-23, 23E. SD 13-49.14.3; 23-3-15.2, 15.3; 23-5-5, 6, 11, 12, 12.1; 23-6-9, 14; Reg. 2:02:02:03;2:02:03:06 TN 8-8-102; 10-7-504(a)(2); 33-1-209; 37-1-408; 38-6-106, 109; 39-17-1351;40-15-106(b), (c)(1); 40-32-101(b), (c)(1); 45-6-206; 62-26-201-230; 62-35-107;71-2-403; 71-3-504(4); .09(3); Regs. Sec. 1395-1-1-.09, .09(3); Op. Atty. Gen. (Feb. 28,1984) TX Alco. Bev. Code 109.532; Educ. Code 22.082, .083, .084, 51.215; Finance Code 14.151; Gov't Code 411.081 through .135, 466.201, 467.036; Health & Saf. Code 250.002,765.003; Hum. Res. Code 32.0322, 40.054, 42.056, .105; Prob. Code 698; Civ. Stat. art. 41a-1; art. 179e, Sec. 5.04; art. 179f, Sec. 3; art. 4413, Sec. 39; art 45120, Sec. 17A; TRCS Art. 6252-17a; Ops. Atty. Gen. (May 14, 1976) No. 127; (Sept. 24, 1976) No. 144 UT 26-8a-310; 31A-16-103; 53-5-706; 53-10-108, 108(1), 201; 58-65-302; 62A-4a-202.4;78-30-3.5; Admin. Code R501-14-1 VT 10-6605f; 15A-1-113; 20-2053, 2060; 33-309; CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 4.10(i), 6.30(a),(b); CVR 80-70-001, Rule 38 VI 32-428(b)(8) VA 9-187; 18.2.308; 19.2-389, 389.1; 22.1-296.2; 32.1-126.01, .02; 54.1-3925.2;58.1-4008; 63.1-173.2, 189.1, 194.13, 198.1, 199, 248.7:2; 6 VAC 20-120-50 WA 10.97.030(2), .050(1) through (6); 10.98.150; 28A.400.303 through 306; 43.33A.025;43.43.745, .815, .830 through .845; 43.52.525; 46.72.100; 70.74.360; 71.09.115;74.15.030(2)(b); 82.36.060; 82.38.110; 82.42.040 WV 15-2-24(c), (d), (e) WI 19.35(1); 134.59; 165.82, .825, .83; 939.615(6)(c) WY 7-19-106(a), 106(k), 201; 9-1-627; 11-25-104; 21-7-401; 33-21-122(c)(viii) 4. Inspection AL 32-2-60, 61, 62; 41-9-621, 643 AK 12.62.160(b)(11) AZ 41-1750.G.5; R 13-1-08 AR 12-12-211, 1013 CA Pen. Code 11122, 11124, 13320, 13323 CO 24-72-301, 303, 306 CT 54-142k DE 11-8513 DC 1-1522; 4-135; 1 DCMR 1004.1 et seq. FL 943.056; Reg. 11C-8; GA 35-3-37, 37(b); Reg. 140-2-.10 HI 92F-12; 846-14 ID 67-3007 IL 20-2630/7 (Redacted copy) IN 5-2-5-8; 5-14-3-3 IA 692.5; Regs. 661-11.4, .5, .15 KS 22-4709, 4711; Reg. 10-13-2 KY 17.150; 61-874, 884; Reg. 502 KAR 30:070 LA 15:588; Reg. LAC 22-701 et seq. ME 16-620(1) MD 27-751; Reg. 12.15.01.05 MA 6-175; Reg. 803 CMR 6.02, .05, .05(5), .06 MI 15.233, .235 MN 13.03(3); 13.04, Subd. 3 MS 45-27-11 MO Reg. CSR 30-4.070 MT 44-5-214 NE 29-3520, 3525 NV 179A.150 NH 91-A:4; Reg. 3.B.9 NJ NM 14-2-1 et seq.; 14-2A-1; 29-10-6, 8; 32A-2-26, 32; 32A-3B-22 NY CPL 160.50(1)(d), .55(1)(d); Reg. 9 NYCRR 6050.1 NC Reg. NCAC 4F.0404 ND 12-60-16.3 and Administrative Rules; Admin. Code 10-13-07-01 OH OK 51-24A.5 OR 181.540(1)(b) PA 18-9151, 9152; Reg. 37-195.4 PR 4-531c; Reg. 9(a) RI 38-2-3 SC Reg. 73-25 SD 1-11-13; 23-5-12, 13; 23-6-9, 11, 14; Reg. 2:02:03:01, 06 TN 10-7-506, 507; 40-15-106; 40-32-101; 40-35-313; Regs. 1395-1-1-.08(1)(k) TX Gov't Code Sec. 552.023, .230; Reg. 37 TAC 27.1 UT 53-10-108(8); Admin. Code 722-2-3 VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 8.10, 8.20 VI 3-881(b) VA 9-192, 193; 19.2-389; 6 VAC 20-120-50, 60 WA 10.97.080; 43.43.730; Reg. WAC 446-20-090 WV 29B-1-3 WI 19.35(1) WY 7-19-109 5. Right to challenge AL 41-9-645 AK 12.62.170(b) AZ R 13-1-08.D AR 12-12-211, 1013 CA Pen. Code 11126, 13324 CO 24-72-307 CT 54-142l DE 11-1448A, 8506(e), 8560 DC FL 943.056; Reg. 11C-8 GA 35-3-37(b); Reg. 140-2-.10 HI 92F-24; 846-14 ID 67-3007 IL 20-2630/7; 20-3930/7(h) IN 5-2-5-8(b), 10(b) IA 692.5; Regs. 661-11.4 KS 22-4709, 4711 KY Reg. 502 KAR 30:070 LA 15:588; Reg. LAC 22-903 ME 16-620(2), (3) MD 19-908; 20-306; 27-752; Reg. 12.15.01.05, .06, .07 MA 6-175; Reg. 803 CMR 6.07, 6.08 MI MN 13.04, Subd. 4 MS 45-27-11 MO Reg. CSR 30-4.070 MT 44-5-215 NE 29-3525, 3526 NV 179A.150 NH Reg. 7 NJ NJAC 13:59-1.6(b) NM 29-10-8 NY Reg. 9 NYCRR 6050.2 NC Reg. NCAC 4F.0404 ND 12-60-16.3 and Administrative Rules OH OK OR 181.540(1)(b) PA 18-9151, 9152; Reg. 37-195.5 PR 4-531n; Reg. 9(b) RI SC Reg. 73-25 SD Reg. 2:02:03:02, 05 TN TX Reg. 37 TAC 27.1 UT 53-10-108(8)(b)(i); Admin. Code R722-2-5 VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 8.30 VI VA 9-192; 6 VAC 20-120-70 WA 10.97.080; 43.43.730; Reg. WAC 446-20-120 WV WI WY 7-19-109 6. Judicial review of challenged information AL 41-9-645 AK 12.62.170(c) AZ AR CA Pen. Code 11126 CO 24-72-307 CT DE 11-1448A DC FL GA 35-3-37(c); Reg. 140-2-.10 HI 92F-25 ID IL IN IA 692.5; Regs. 661.11.6 KS KY 17.150(5); Reg. 502 KAR 30:070, Sec. (6) LA Reg. LAC 22-917 ME 16-620(4) MD 27-753(c); Reg. 12.15.01.05, .07 MA 6-176 MI MN 13.04, Subd. 4; 14-63 et seq. MS 45-27-11 MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM 29-10-8 NY NC ND OH OK OR Reg. 257-010-0035(5) PA 18-9152(e) PR 4-531o RI SC SD Reg. 2:02:05:01 TN TX UT VT VI VA 9-192 WA 43.43.730 WV WI WY 7-19-109 7. Purging nonconviction information AL 41-9-625 AK 12.62.190 AZ AR CA Pen. Code 851.8; H. & S. Code 11361.5 CO CT 54-142a DE 11-8506(c) DC FL 943.0585; Reg. 11C-7 GA 35-3-37(c) HI 831-3.2; 853-1(e) ID 67-3004 IL 20-2605/55(a); 20-2630/5; 705-405/5-915 IN 35-38-5-1 IA 661-8.305.1; 692.16, .17 KS KY LA 15:586; 44:9 ME MD 27-736, 737 MA 6-175; Reg. 803 CMR 6.07(3) MI 28.243 MN 152.18; 299C.11; 609A.03 MS 45-27-9(2), (4) MO 610.123, 124, 125, 126 MT 44-5-202(8), 212 NE 29-3523 NV 179A.075.3c; 179A.160 NH Reg. 3.D NJ NM 30-31-28; 32A-2-26; 32A-3B-21; 32A-20-1 NY CPL 160.50; Family Court Act Sec. 354.1 NC 15A-146; 90-96(b), (d); Reg. NCAC 4F.0501, .0502 ND Admin. Code 10-13-11-02 OH 109.60; 2951.04.1 OK 22-18, 19, 305.4, 991cv1, cv2 OR 137.225 PA 18-9122 PR RI 12-1-12, 12.1 SC 17-1-40; Reg. 73-27 SD 23-6-8.1; Reg. 2:02:03:02, 05 TN 40-15-106; 40-32-101 TX Code Crim. Proc. Art. 55.01 UT 53-10-108; 77-18-10(1) VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 10.10 VI VA 9-190 WA 10.97.060 WV 15-2-24(h) WI 165.84(1) WY 8. Purging conviction information AL AK 12.62.190 AZ AR CA Pen. Code 1203.45; H. & S. Code 11361.5 CO CT 54-142a DE 11-8506(c) DC FL 943.0585; Reg. 11C-7 GA 35-3-37(c) HI ID IL 705-405/5-915 (juvenile only, class B and below) IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA 6-175; Reg. 803 CMR 6.07(3) MI MN 152.18; 364.04; 609A.03 MS 45-27-9(10), 11 MO MT 44-5-202(8), 212 NE NV 179A.160 NH Reg. 3.D NJ NM NY CPL 160.55; Family Court Act Sec. 354.1 NC 15A-145; 90-96; Reg. 12 NCAC 4F.0501, .0502 ND Admin. Code 10-13-11-01 OH OK 22-991cv1, cv2; 63-2-410 OR 137.225 PA 18-9122 PR 4-531g RI 12-1.3-1 SC 22-5-910; 56-5-750(F); Reg. 73-27 SD 23-6-8.1; Reg. 2:02:03:02, 05 TN TX UT 77-18-11 VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 10.10 VI VA WA 9.94A.230; 10.97.060 WV WI WY 7-13-301; 14-6-241; 35-7-1037 9. Sealing nonconviction information AL AK 12.62.180(b) AZ 13-4051 AR 16-90-904, 905 CA Pen. Code 851.8, .85 CO 24-72-308 CT 29-16; 54-142a DE 11-4372 DC SCR-Crim. 118 FL 943.059; Reg. 11C-7 GA 42-8-62 HI 831-3.2 ID IL 20-2630/5; 705-405/5-915 IN 35-38-5-1 IA KS 12-4516a; 21-4619 KY 17.142 LA 44:9 ME MD MA 276-100A, B, C; Reg. 803 CMR 7.02 MI 333.7411; 750.350a(4); 762.14; 769.4a MN 152.18; 299C.11; 609A.02(1) MS MO 610.100, 105, 120 MT 44-5-202(8) NE NV 179.255, .275 NH NJ 2C:36A-1, :52-6 NM 30-31-28; 32A-2-26 NY CPL 160.50(1)(c), 170.56, 720.15, 725.15 NC ND OH OK 22-18, 19, 991cv1, cv2; 63-2-410 OR 137.225(1)(b) PA PR RI 12-1-12.1 SC SD TN TX UT 77-18-10(1) VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 10.10 VI VA 9-190; 19.2-392.2; 6 VAC 20-120-80 WA 13.50.050 WV 5-1-16a WI WY 10. Sealing conviction information AL AK 12.62.180(b) AZ 13-907 AR 16-90-904, 905 CA Pen. Code 1203.45 CO 24-72-308 CT 54-142a, 142b DE DC 33-541(e); SCR-Crim. 118, Crim. 32(f) FL 943.059; Reg. 11C-7 GA HI 712-1256; 831-3.1 ID IL IN 35-38-5-5 IA KS 12.4516; 21-4619 KY LA 44:9 ME MD MA 94C-34; 127-152; 276-100A, B, C; Reg. 803 CMR 7.02 MI 712A.18e; 780.623 MN 242.31; 364.04; 609A.02(2); 638.02, Subd. 3-5 MS MO 610.106, 120 MT 46-18-204 NE NV 179.245, .275; 453.336 NH 318-B:28-a; 651:5 NJ 2C:52-2, 3, 4, 5 NM NY CPL 160.55(1)(c), 720.15 NC ND OH 2953.32 OK 22-18, 19, 991cv1, cv2; 63-2-410 OR 137.225(1)(a) PA PR RI 12-1.3-1, 2 SC SD 23A-27-14, 17 TN TX UT 77-18-11 VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 10.10 VI VA WA 13.50.050 WV 5-1-16a WI WY 11. Removal of disqualifications AL AK AZ 13-907 AR CA Pen. Code 851.8; 1203.4, .4a, .45 CO 24-72-308 CT DE DC FL 943.0585 GA 42-9-1 et seq. HI 712-1255; 853-1 ID 18-3316 IL IN IA KS 12-4516(e); 21-4619; 22-3722 KY LA 44:9 ME MD 27-641; 27-735 through 741 MA 276-100A, C MI MN 152.18; 242.31; 364.03 MS MO MT NE NV NH 651:5 NJ 2C:52-27 NM 30-31-28; 32A-2-26; 32A-3B-21 NY CPL 160.60; 720.35(1) NC ND OH 2951.04.1; 2953.33(A) OK 22-18, 19; 63-2-410 OR 137.225 PA PR RI 12-1.3-4 SC SD 23A-27-14, 17 TN 40-35-313(b) TX UT VT VI VA WA WV WI WY 12. Right to state nonexistence of record AL AK 12.62.180(d) AZ AR 16-90-902 CA Pen. Code 851.8, 1203.45; Lab. Code 432.7 CO 24-72-308 CT 54-142a DE DC 33.541(e) FL 943.0585 GA HI 712-1256; 831-3.2(b)(e) ID IL 20-2630/7 IN IA KS 12-4516(e); 12-4516a(d) KY LA ME 16-618 MD 27-641, 739, 740 MA 94C-34; 127-152; 151B-4(9); 276-100A, C MI 37.2205a MS MN 152.18, Subd. 2 MO 610.110 MT NE NV 179.285 NH 651:5 NJ 2C:52-27 NM 30-31-28; 32A-2-26; 32A-3B-21 NY CPL 160.30, .60, 170.56(4) NC 15A-145, 146; 90-96 ND OH 2953.33(B) OK 22-18, 19; 63-2-410 OR 137.225(3) PA PR RI 12-1.3-4 SC SD 23A-27-14, 17 (Exceptions: 23A-27-14.1, 23-3-42) TN 40-35-313(b) TX Code Crim. Proc. Art. 55.03 UT VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 6.20 VI VA 19.2-392.4 WA 10.97.030(8) WV WI WY 13. Research access AL Reg. 003 AK 12.62.160(b)(7) AZ AR 12-12-1010 CA Pen. Code 13202 CO CT 54-142m DE 11-8513, 8514, 8516, 8521 DC FL 943.057; Reg. 11C-6 GA 33-3-33(8); Reg. 140-2-.04(1)(f) HI 846-9(4) ID IL IN IA 692.4, .7(1), .22 KS KY 17.150 LA 15-548; Reg. LAC 22-1305 ME 16-613(4) MD 27-749; Reg. 12.15.01.12 MA 6-173; Reg. 803 CMR 7.03(1)(b), 8.00-8.03 MI MN 13.03 MS MO 43.507; 45.531 MT 44-5-304 NE NV 179A.075.2a, .6; 179A.100.5a, .175 NH Reg. 3.B.7 NJ NJAC 13:59-1.6(e) NM 29-10-6(B) NY Exec. Law Sec. 837(4) NC Reg. 12 NCAC 4F.0407, .0408 ND 12-60-16.3; Admin. Code 10-13-10-01; 10-13-11-03 OH OK OR Reg. 257-010-0030 PA PR Reg. 8(c)(3) RI SC Reg. 73-24D. SD 23A-27-13.1, 16 TN TX Gov't Code 411.083 UT 53-10-108(1)(f) VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 8.90 VI VA 19.2-389 WA 10.97.050(6); Reg. WAC 446-20-190, 420 WV WI 19.35(1) WY 7-19-106(a)(v) 14. Accuracy and completeness AL 41-9-622, 648 AK 12.62.120, .150(a)(1), (a)(7), (b), (c), .170(a) AZ 41-1751, 2205.A, .B; R 13-1-02, 04, 08E.-G AR 12-12-209, 210, 1004, 1007, 1013, 1015 CA Pen. Code 11079, 11107, 11115, 13100, 13100.1, 13125, 13127, 13150, 13151, 13152;Reg. 702(c), 707(c) ; Gov. Code 69844.5, 71280.5 CO 24-33.5-412(3); 24-72-307 CT 29-11, 12, 13; 54-142h(a), (b), (c); 54-142j DE 11-8506, 8506(f), 8507, 8508, 8509, 8510, 8511, 8512, 8525 DC 4-131, 132, 134 FL 943.052, .055, .056; Reg. 11C-4 GA 17-4-27; 35-3-33(4), 36, 36(k), 37(c), (d)(5); 42-8-62; Reg. 140-2-.03, .07; 1975 Atty. Gen. Op. No. 75-110 HI 846-3, 4, 5, 6, 13 ID 67-3005, 3007 IL 20-2630/2.1; 20-2635/21; 20-3930/7(i); 705-405/5-901 IN 4-1-6-2, 5; 5-2-5-3; 5-2-5-10, 10(a)(l); 10-1-1-15, 18; 10-1-2.5-4 IA 690.4, .5; 692.5, .13, .15, .17, .19(6), .21; Regs. 661-11.9, .10 KS 21-2501; 22-4705(a), 4706(f); Reg. 10-10-1, 2, 3, 4 KY 17.110, .150(1), .150(1)(c), .150(6), .152, .1521, .1522; Reg. 502 KAR 30:030 LA 15:579, 580, 581, 591, 594; Reg. LAC 22-1103, 1105, 1503, 1507, 1509, 1519 ME 25-1542A, 1544, 1547; 16-612(3)(B), 616 MD 27-746(5), 747, 748, 748(6); Court Rule 16-308, 503; Reg. 12.15.01.08, .09, .16 MA 6-171, 175; 66A-2; 127-23, 27; 263-1A; Reg. 803 CMR 6.07, 6.08, 6.10 MI 28.155, .243, .245a; 712A.11, .18; 764.29; 769.1, .16a; Regs. Sec. 28.5018 MN 13.05; 299C.06, .10 through .14, .17; 299C.09, .10, .10(2), .10(3) MS 45-27-7(2)(c), 9 MO 43.50; Reg. CSR 30-4.040, .050, .090 MT 44-2-206; 44-5-202, 213, 213(5), 213(6), 215 NE 29-209, 3515, 3516, 3517, 3526 NV 179A.075.3, .080.3, .090, .150 NH 106-B:14, 14a; Reg. 4, 5 NJ 53:1-13, 14, 15, 18, 20.1, 20.2 NM 29-3-1, 3, 8 NY CPL 160.20, .30; Exec. Law Sec. 837(4), 837-a, b, c; Family Court Act Sec.Sec.306.1(4), 354.1 NC 15A-502, 1382; Reg. 12 NCAC 4F.0201, .0202, .0302, .0801 ND 12-60-16.2, 16.3; Admin. Code 10-13-02-01; 10-13-03-03; 10-13-07-12; 10-13-08-01,02; 10-13-12-01, 02, 03, 04, 05; 10-13-13-01 OH 109.57(A), .61, .62; 1347.05 OK 47-2-124; 74-150.10, .12 OR 181.511(1)(b), (c), .521, .530, .555(3) PA 18-9111, 9112, 9113, 9114, 9141, 9142, 9161; 61-2173, 2174; Reg. 37-195.2 PR Reg. 6, 7, 10 RI 12-1-7, 8, 9, 10, 11 SC 14-17-325; 20-7-780; 23-1-90; 23-3-40, 120, 130; Reg. 73-21, 22, 22E., 28 SD 23-5-4, 8; 23-6-16; Reg. 2:02:02:01, 03, 04, 05; Reg. 2:02:04:01 TN 38-6-103; 38-10-101 through 105 TX Code of Crim. Proc., Ch. 60 UT 53-10-208 VT 20-2053(b), 2054; CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 3.20, 4.10, 6.30(1), 6.30(b)(5),11.10-11.30, 11.40 VI VA 9-186, 191; 16.1-299, 299.1, 301; 19.2-389D, 390; 6 VAC 20-120-40, 90 WA 10.97.040, .045, .090(3); 10.98.050, .090, .100; Reg. WAC 446-20-260, 310 WV 15-2-24(f), (g) WI 165.83, .84 WY 7-19-104, 105, 107, 107(h); 9-1-625 15. Dedication AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA 35-3-33(13) HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA PR RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VI VA WA WV WI WY 16. Civil remedies AL AK 12.62.200 AZ 39-121.02; R 13-1-05C AR CA Civ. Code 1798.53; Lab. Code 432.7 CO 24-72-305; 30-10-101 CT 4-197 DE 11-1448A, 8514, 8523; 29-10005 DC 1-1527 FL 119.02 GA 35-3-39 HI ID IL 20-2635/1 et seq. IN IA 692.2(3), .6 KS 22-4707 KY 17.157; 61.882 LA 15:596 ME 25-1550 MD 27-753; Reg. 12.15.01.10 MA 6-168, 177; Reg. 803 CMR 5.06, 6.08(4) MI MN 13.08; 299C.21 MS MO MT 44-2-205; 44-5-112 NE 29-3528; 84-712.03, .07 NV 179A.230 NH NJ 47:1A-4; 53:1-20 NM 14-2-12 NY Exec. Law 837-b(3); Corr. Law 755 NC Reg. 12 NCAC 4G.0201 ND OH 1347.10 OK OR 192.490 PA 18-9181, 9183 PR RI 12-1-12; 12-1.3-4 SC 23-1-90; 30-4-100 SD Reg. 2:02:04:03 TN TX UT VT 1-319, 320; CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 7.50, 13.10-13.22 VI VA 2.1-346.1; 9-194 WA 10.97.050(8), .110; 42.17.390; 43.43.834(7); Reg. WAC 446-20-300 WV WI 19.37 WY 17. Criminal penalties AL 32-2-63; 41-9-600 AK AZ 41-1756 AR 12-12-212, 1002 CA Pen. Code 502, 11125, 11141, 11142, 11143, 13302, 13303, 13304; Lab. Code 432.7; Gov. Code 6200, 6201 CO 24-72-309 CT 29-17; 54-142k(e) DE 11-1448A, 8514, 8523, 8562 DC 16-5007 FL 119.02, .10 GA 35-3-38 HI 846-16 ID 67-3008 IL 20-2630/7; 20-2635/1 et seq. IN 5-2-4-7; 5-2-5-5(c) IA 692.5, .7 KS 22-4707, 4710 KY 17.157 LA 15:596; 44:9D; Reg. 22-311, 313 ME 16-619 MD 27-739; State Gov't Code Sec. 10-627 MA 6-178 MI 28.243a, .246 MN 13.09; 364.10 MS 25-53-59; 45-27-13 MO 109.180; 610.115 MT NE 29-3527 NV 179A.240, .300; 239.010 NH 106-B:14; 159-C:10; 651:5.X NJ 2C:52-30; 53:1-20 NM 32A-2-32; 32A-3B-22 NY NC 14-454 ND 12-60-16.10 OH 1347.99; 2953.35 OK 21-461 OR PA 18-6111; 61-2176 PR 8-77 RI SC 23-1-90; 30-4-100 SD 23-5-4; 23-6-4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16 TN 10-7-505; 37-1-409(b), (c); 40-15-106(c); 40-32-101(c); 62-26-230 TX Gov't Code 411.085; 552.351, .352 UT 53-10-108 VT 20-2054(b) VI VA 9-195; 19.2-392.3.C, 392.4C; 52-8.3 WA 10.97.120; 43.43.810, .856 WV 15-2-24(j); 29B-1-5 WI 946.72(1) WY 18. Public records AL 36-12-40 AK 09.25.110, .120 AZ 39-121.01 AR 25-19-103 CA Gov. Code 6251 et seq. CO 24-72-301, 303; 30-10-101 CT 1-15, 19 DE 29-10002(d)(4) DC 1-1521 et seq. FL 119.01 GA 50-18-70 et seq. HI 92F-12 ID 9-335 et seq. IL 5-160/1 et seq.; 20-2635/1 et seq. IN 4-1-6-1; 5-14-3-1 IA 22.7(9); 692.2; Regs. 661-11.12 KS 45-215 et seq. KY 61.870 et seq.; Reg. 200 KAR 1:020 LA 44:1 et seq. ME 1-401-410 MD State Gov't Code Sec.Sec. 10-611 et seq. MA 4-7, cl. 26; 6-172; 66-10; 66A-1 et seq. MI 750.492 MN 13.01 et seq.; 13.87 MS 25-53-53; 25-59-19 MO 109.180, .190 MT 2-6-101 NE 29-3520; 84-712 et seq. NV 179A.100; 239.010 et seq. NH 7-A:1; 91-A:4 NJ 47:1A-1 NM 14-3-1 et seq. NY Pub. Off. Law 87 et seq. NC 132-1 et seq. ND 44-04-18 OH 149.43 et seq. OK 51-24A OR 181.540 PA 65-66.1 et seq. PR 32-1781 RI 38-2-1 et seq. SC 30-4-10 et seq. SD 1-27-1 et seq. TN 10-7-504 et seq. TX Gov't Code 552.001 et seq. UT 63-2-101 et seq. VT 1-315 et seq. VI 3-881 VA 42.1-76 et seq. WA 10.97.030; 42.17.250 WV 29B-1-1 WI 19.35(1) WY 16-4-201 through 205 19. Separation of files AL AK AZ AR 16-90-904 CA Pen. Code 11075, 11105 CO CT DE DC FL GA 35-3-32; Reg. 140-2-.02 HI ID IL IN 5-2-4-2 IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI 15.232; 28.272 MN MS MO 610.120 MT NV 62.350.3 NH NJ NM 32A-20-1 NY Family Court Act Sec.306.1(4); Exec. Law Sec.837(8) NC ND OH OK OR PA 18-9106 PR RI SC SD TN 37-10-207; Regs. Sec. 1395-1-1-.09(4) TX UT VT VI VA WA WV WI 48.396 WY 20. Regulation of intelligence collection AK AL 41-9-639 AR 12-12-1011 AZ CA Civ. Code 1798.14, .15 CO CT DC DE FL 943.08 GA 35-3-32(2); Reg. 140-2-.02 HI IA 692.8, .9; Regs. 661-8.202(5), (6); 661-8.203(4), (5) ID IL IN 5-2-4-3, 4 KS KY 17.150(2) LA ME MA MD MI MN 13.05, Subd. 4 MO MS 25-53-53, 55 MT 44-5-501 through 515 NC ND NE NH NJ 53:6-4, 5 NM 29-3-1 et seq.; 32A-20-1 NV 179A.070.2 NY OH OK OR 181.575 PA 18-9106 PR RI SC SD 23-5-10, 11 TN TX UT 53-10-105 VA VI VT 20-1954 WA 43.43.854 WI WV WY 9-1-627 21. Regulation of intelligence dissemination AL 41-9-641 AK AZ AR 12-12-1011 CA Civ. Code 1798.18, .24 CO 24-72-305(5) CT DE 29-10002(d)(5) DC 1-1524(a)(3)(d) FL 119.07, .072; 943.08 GA 35-3-32(4); Reg. 140-2-.02 HI 92E-3(1)(B) ID IL 5-140/7(1)(d) IN 5-2-4-6 IA 216A.136; 252B.9.7(h); 692.8, .8A, .9; Regs. 61-2.13.2(j); 661-8.202(7), .203(6) KS KY LA ME 16-611(8), 614 MD 10-618(f) MA MI 15.243 MN 13.05, Subd. 4 MS 25-53-53, 55; 45-31-5(5)(a) MO 45.531; 610.100 MT 44-5-103(3)(b), 303, 404(2), 501 through 515 NE NV 179A.120.2, .150.1 NH NJ 53:6-5 NM 29-3-1 et seq.; 32A-15-4 NY Pub. Off. Law 87(2)(e) NC ND OH OK OR PA 18-9106, 9121(d); Reg. 37-195.1 PR RI SC SD 23-5-11 TN 10-7-504; 40-15-106(b), (c)(1); 40-32-101(b), (c)(1) TX UT 53-10-105 VT 20-1955 VI VA WA 42.17.310; 43.43.854, .856 WV WI WY 9-1-627 22. Security AL 41-9-594, 621(9); Reg. 004, 005 AK 12.62.150(a)(3), (4), (5), (6) AZ 13-2316 AR 12-12-1014 CA Pen. Code 11077(a); Reg. 707, 707(a), 708 CO CT 54-142i DE 11-8505, 8521, 8608, 8609 DC FL 119.031; 943.08; Reg. 11C-6 GA 16-9-90 et seq.; 35-3-33(13); Reg. 140-2-.02, .08, .09, .11 HI 846-7 ID 67-3007 IL 20-3930/7(g) IN 4-1-6-2; 5-2-5-10(2); 5-14-3-7 IA 692.12, .14, .19(8); Reg. 661-8204 KS 22-4704; Reg. 10-11-1 KY LA 15:578(F), 589; Reg. LAC 22-1705, 1707, 1709, 1711, 1713, 1715, 1717, 1719, 1721,1723, 1727 ME 16.614(1)(G); 25-1541(4), 2904 MD Reg. 12.15.01.15 MA 6-171, 174; 66A-2; Reg. 803 CMR 7.06 MI Regs. Sec. 28.5009, .5318 MN 13.05, Subd. 5; 299C.48(a) MS 45-27-7(1)(f) MO Reg. CSR 30-4.090 MT 44-5-401 through 405 NE 29-3518, 3519 NV 179A.080.1, .2 NH Reg. 1, 2 NJ NJAC 13:59-1.6(E); S.O.P. B-33, B-34, B-35 NM NY Exec. Law 837 (amended); Pub. Off. Law Sec. 87, 87(2)(i) NC 114-10(2); Reg. 12 NCAC 4E.0203, .0303, .0401, 4F.0101, 4G.0102 ND 12-60-16.3 and Administrative Rules; Admin. Code 10-13-06-01, 02, 03 OH 1347.05; Admin. Code 4501:2-10-03, 11 OK 51-24A.1 et seq. OR Reg. 257-010-0025 PA 18-9131; Gen. Reg. 37-195.6 PR 4-531g; Reg. 14, 16, 17 RI SC Reg. 73-21A.(3), 73-26 SD TN 39-14-601 et seq. TX UT VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 6.70, 7.10, 7.20, 7.30, 7.40 VI VA 9-191; 6 VAC 20-120-110, 150, 160 WA 10.97.090; Reg. WAC 446-20-210 through 230, 270, 300 WV WI WY 7-19-105; 9-1-627 23. Transaction logs AL 41-9-640 AK 12.62.150(a)(7)(B), .160(c)(4) AZ AR 12-12-1008 CA Pen. Code 11078; Reg. 707(c) CO CT 54-142h(c) DE 11-1448A, 8513(e); Reg. 1.5 DC FL 943.055 GA 35-3-33(2); Reg. 140-2-.06 HI 846-6 ID Id. APA 11.10.01.023 IL IN 4-1-6-2 IA KS Reg. 10-14-1 KY LA Reg. LAC 22-1311 ME 16-620(5) MD Reg. 12.15.01.10, .11, .12 MA 6-172 MI Regs. Sec. 28.5105 MN MS 45-27-7(2)(b) MO MT 44-5-215, 305, 404(3) NE 29-3517 NV 179A.130 NH Reg. 3.C.4 NJ NM NY NC Reg. 12 NCAC 4F.0401, .0402 ND 12-60-16.3; Admin. Code 10-13-04-02; 10-13-05-04 OH Admin. Code 4501:2-10-06 OK 47-2-124; 51-24A.1 et seq. OR Reg. 257-010-0035 PA 18-9121(f) PR Reg. 9(e)(f), 10 RI SC Reg. 73-23F. SD Reg. 2:02:02:05 TN TX UT VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 6.50, 14.10-14.30 VI VA 9-192; 6 VAC 20-120-50, 160 WA 10.97.050(7) WV WI WY 7-19-106(h) 24. Training employees AL AK 12.62.150(a)(5) AZ AR 12-12-210, 211 CA Pen. Code 11077(d) CO CT 54-142i(d) DE 11-1448A, 8505, 8561 DC FL 943.08 GA 35-3-33(6); Reg. 140-2-.09(4) HI 846-7(5) ID 67-3007 IL IN 4-1-6-2; 10-1-1-13 IA 692.11 KS KY 17.147(4) LA Reg. LAC 22-2105 ME MD MA 6-171 MI MN 299C.10(2), .65 MS 25-53-51(c); 45-27-7(1)(b) MO MT 44-2-202 NE 29-3518 NV NH NJ NM 29-3-9 NY NC Reg. 12 NCAC 4E.0401, .0402, .0403 ND OH 109.56; Admin. Code 4501:2-10-03 OK OR Reg. 257-10 PA PR RI SC Reg. 73-26D. SD TN 62-26-226 TX UT VT VI VA 6 VAC 20-120-130, 140 WA 10.97.090; Reg. WAC 446-20-240 WV WI WY 9-1-624(a)(iii) 25. Listing of information systems AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA HI ID IL IN 4-1-6-7 IA 22.11 KS KY LA ME MD MA Reg. 803 CMR 3.08 MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH 7-A:2 NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA 18-9171 PR RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VI VA WA WV WI WY 26. Freedom of Information Act (including criminal justice information) AL AK AZ AR CA CO 24-72-301, 303 CT DE DC 1-1521 et seq. FL 119.01, .07; 943.053 GA 50-18-70 HI ID IL IN 4-1-6-1; 5-14-3-2(6) IA KS 45-215 et seq. KY 61.878 LA 44:3(4) ME MD MA 66A-1 MI 15.231 et seq. MN 13.03, .80 et seq. MS 25-59-19 MO MT NE 29-3520 NV NH NJ NM NY Pub. Off. Law 87(2)(e) NC ND 44-04-18 OH OK 51-24A.8 OR 181.540 PA PR RI 38-2-1 SC SD 1-27-1 TN TX Gov't Code 552.108(c) UT VT 1-317(b)(5) VI 3-881(g) VA 2.1-342.2(F)(1) WA WV WI WY 27. Freedom of Information Act (excluding criminal justice information) AL AK 12.62.160(a) AZ 39-121.01 AR 12-12-909, 1003; 25-19-105 CA Gov. Code 6254 CO CT 4-190(i) DE 29-10002(d)(4) DC FL 119.07 GA HI 92F-11 through 92F-19 ID 9-340B IL 5-140/7(1)(d) IN IA KS KY 17-150(4); 61.878 LA 44:3(4) ME 1-402 MD State Gov't Code Sec.Sec. 10-611 et seq. MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH 91-A:5; 106-B:14 NJ Exec. Order 123 NM NY Pub. Off. Law 87(2)(e) NC ND OH 109.57(D); 1347.04 OK 51-24A.8 OR 192.501, 502, 505 PA PR RI 38-2-1 SC SD TN 10-7-504; 40-15-106(b), (c)(1); 40-32-101(b), (c)(1) TX Gov't Code 552.108(a), (b) UT 63-2-102 VT 1-317(b)(5); 20-2056 VI VA 2.1-342(F)(1); 2.1-384(3), (7) WA 42.17.250; 43.43.710 WV 29B-1-4 WI WY 9-1-627; 16-4-201 28. Central State repository AL 41-9-591 AK 12.62.110(1) AZ 41-1750.A, 2205 AR 12-12-201, 207, 208, 1001 CA Pen. Code 11105 CO 24-33.5-401, 412 CT 29-11 DE 11-8501(b)(1) DC 4-132 FL 943.051 GA 35-3-31 HI 846-2, 2.5 ID 67-3003 IL 20-2605/55(a); 20-2630/8 IN 5-2-5-2; 10-1-1-12; 10-1-2.5-1 IA 690.1 KS 22-4705 KY 17.140, .151 LA 15:578(1) ME 25-1541 MD 27-747(b); Reg. 12.15.01.04 MA 6-168 MI 28.241 et seq. MN 299C.05, .06, .09 MS 45-27-7(1)(a) MO 43.500, .540 MT 44-5-213 NE 29-209, 210 NV 179A.075.1 NH 106-B:14 NJ 53:1-13 NM 29-3-1 NY Exec. Law 837(6) NC 114-10.1; 132-1.4 ND 12-60-07 OH 109.57(C) OK 74-150.9 OR 181.066 PA 18-9101 PR Act 13; Reg. 6 RI 12-1-7 SC 23-3-110 SD 23-5-1, 2; 23-6-1 TN 38-6-101; 38-10-101 et seq. TX Code Crim. Proc., Art. 60.02; Gov't Code 411.042 UT 53-10-201 VT 20-2051; CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 3.10 VI VA 19.2-388 WA 43.43.700 WV 15-2-24 WI 165.83, .84 WY 7-19-107(a) 29. National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact enacted AL AK AZ AR CA CO 24-33.5-412; 24-60-2701, 2702 CT DE DE FL 943.0543 GA 35-3-39.1 HI ID IL IN IA 692B.1, .2, .3 KS KY LA ME MD MA MN MI MS MO MT 44-5-601 NE NV 179A.800 NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA PR RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VI VA WA WV WI WY Section 4: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by State This section of the Compendium sets forth (1) A "State code titles" table that lists the full titles of the official compilations of each State's laws and regulations, and (2) Summary tables of each State's criminal history record privacy and security laws and regulations that includes (a) the full titles for each classification category and subcategory, and (b) the citations for that particular category or subcategory which indicate section numbers of the State codes. These summary tables are set out in alphabetical order by State. The purpose of this collection is to make available to the researcher the variety of approaches and alternatives taken by the States with regard to their criminal history information practices. However, please note that this effort is current through July 1999; thus, further review of a particular State's legislation or regulations may be appropriate to include more recent enactments. Readers are reminded that the full text of the State laws cited herein is available for a small fee in microfiche form from the Bureau of Justice Statistics Clearinghouse. (The Clearinghouse also offers a hard-copy version for a larger fee. See page vii for ordering information.) A full, hard-copy library of these laws, regulations and other materials is maintained by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics, at its offices in Sacramento, California. Copies of specific enactments may be ordered by mail or telephone. (SEARCH is at 7311 Greenhaven Drive, Suite 145, Sacramento, California 95831, 916/392-2550.) State code titles Alabama Code Alaska Statutes Arizona Revised Statutes Annotated Arkansas Statutes Annotated California (Codes listed on summary table) Colorado Revised Statutes Connecticut General Statutes Annotated (West) Delaware Code Annotated District of Columbia Code Florida Statutes Annotated Georgia Code of 1981 Hawaii Revised Statutes Idaho Code Illinois Compiled Statutes Indiana Code Annotated Iowa Code Annotated (West) Kansas Statutes Annotated Kentucky Revised Statutes Annotated (Baldwin) Louisiana Revised Statutes Annotated (West) Maine Revised Statutes Maryland Annotated Code of 1957 Massachusetts General Laws Annotated (West) Michigan Compiled Laws Annotated Minnesota Statutes Annotated Mississippi Code Annotated Missouri Annotated Statutes (Vernon) Montana Revised Codes Annotated Nebraska Revised Statutes Nevada Revised Statutes New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated New Jersey Statutes Annotated (West) New Mexico Statutes Annotated New York (Codes listed on summary table) North Carolina General Statutes North Dakota Century Code Ohio Revised Code Annotated (Page) Oklahoma Statutes Annotated (West) Oregon Revised Statutes Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes Annotated (Purdon) Puerto Rico Laws Annotated Rhode Island General Laws South Carolina Code South Dakota Compiled Laws Annotated Tennessee Code Annotated (Vernon) Texas Codes Annotated (Vernon) Utah Code Annotated Vermont Statutes Annotated Virgin Islands Code Annotated Virginia Code Washington Revised Code Annotated West Virginia Code Wisconsin Statutes Annotated (West) Wyoming Statutes End of file jb/pm 7/17/00