U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2000 August 2003, NCJ 198272 Revised 10/15/03, th --------------------------------------------------------- This file is text only without graphics and many of the tables. A Zip archive of the tables in this report in spreadsheet format (.wk1) and the full report including tables and graphics in .pdf format are available from: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/csfcf00.htm This report is one in a series. More recent editions may be available. To view a list of all in the series go to http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pubalp2.htm#csfcf ---------------------------------------------------------- Table of contents Highlights Number of facilities and inmates Operators of correctional facilities Facilities and inmates, by region Number of inmates, by race and Hispanic origin Average daily population, by region Inmates and rated capacity, by facility size Facilities Size by region Type by function Region by age Characteristics by security level Number of inmates by -- Security level and facility characteristics Type of facility and security level Deaths in correctional facilities Special inmate populations Facilities under court order, by reason Assaults and other inmate violations Facilities offering work, education and counseling programs Prison boot camp programs Number of employees by -- Occupational category and type of facility Occupational category and region Type of facility, gender of inmates housed, and occupational category Gender, race, and Hispanic origin by type of facility Inmate-to-employee ratios, by occupational category Number of employees and inmate-to-employee ratios, by occupational category and facility type Characteristics of private correctional facilities under contract to State or Federal authorities Number of inmates under age 18 in correctional facilities under State authority, by security level and region Rated capacity of correctional facilities under State authority, by region, selected years Number of correctional facilities under State authority, by region and size, selected years Methodology Questionnaire --------------------------------------- Highlights Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2000 On June 30, 2000, the Bureau of Justice Statistics conducted a census of the Nation's correctional facilities that operated under State or Federal authority. These Federal and State facilities, together with private facilities operating under contract to government authorities, included places of confinement such as prisons, prison hospitals, prison farms, boot camps, and centers for reception, classification, or alcohol and drug treatment; and community-based facilities such as halfway houses, group homes, and work release centers. Facilities were included in the census if they housed primarily State or Federal prisoners; were physically, functionally, and administratively separate from other facilities; and were operational on the day of the census. Jails and other local or regional detention facilities were specifically excluded from the census, as were private facilities not holding predominantly State or Federal inmates. Also excluded were facilities for the military, Immigration and Naturalization Service, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Marshals Service, and correctional hospital wards not operated by correctional authorities. Number of facilities * The number of adult correctional facilties increased 14%,from 1,464 at midyear 1995, when the previous census was conducted, to 1,668 at midyear 2000. The total number of facilities in 1995, previously reported as 1,500, was revised as the result of a change in the classification of Federal facilities. * In 2000, 84 Federal facilities were in operation, 9% more than in 1995; 1,320 State facilities, 3% more than in 1995; and 264 private facilities, 140% more than in 1995. Privately owned or operated facilities with 50% or more of their inmates held for State or Federal authorities were classified as prisons. Other private facilities were classified as jails and included in the Census of Jails, last conducted in 1999. Capacity * The maximum number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating official, known as rated capacity, expanded 31%, from 975,719 in 1995 to 1,278,471 in 2000. * On June 30, 2000, State prisons were operating at 1% above their rated capacity, down from 4% over capacity in 1995. The Federal prison system was operating at 34% over capacity at midyear 2000, up from 25% over capacity in 1995. Facility characteristics * Confinement facilities -- institutions in which less than 50% of the residents are regularly permitted to leave, unaccompanied by staff, for work, study, or rehabilitation -- declined from 79% of all correctional facilities in 1995 to 72% in 2000. Community-based facilities - institutions in which 50% or more of the residents are regularly permitted to leave -- increased from 21% to 28% of the total. * More than a third of the 460 community-based facilities in 2000 were privately operated. * About half of all facilities were rated as minimum or low security, a third as medium security, and a fifth as maximum security at midyear 2000, unchanged from 1995. * Most of the maximum security facilities in 2000 were State operated facilities (317of 332). Eleven were Federal facilities and 4 were private. * Of the 204 adult correctional facilities added between 1995 and 2000, three quarters (154) were private facilities. Nearly two-thirds of these private facilities (94) were minimum or low security; more than half (82) were community based. * Nearly 1 in every 6 State facilities and 1 of every 2 private facilities held fewer than 100 inmates. No Federal facilities had fewer than 100 prisoners. * Overall, 241 facilities had an average daily population of 1,500 or more during the 12 months ending June 30, 2000. States operated most of these facilities (208), while the Federal system operated 23 and private contractors 10. * Between 1995 and 2000 State facilities grew larger, as the number of facilities with average daily populations of 750 or larger increased from 442 to 547 and the number with fewer than 750 declined from 835 to 773. Characteristics of inmates * The number of inmates held in Federal, State, and private correctional facilities rose 28% between midyear 1995 and 2000, an average annual growth rate of 5.0%. The population held in private facilities, though small in number, increased the fastest (up 459%), followed by the Federal (37%), and State populations (19%). * Between 1995 and 2000 the number of inmates who were not U.S. citizens rose by approximately two-thirds in both Federal and State facilities. In 2000 non-U.S. citizens accounted for 25% of the Federal, 5% of the State, and 12% of the private correctional populations. * The number of inmates under the age of 18 dropped 23%, from 5,309 in 1995 to 4,095. Almost all of these inmates (96%)were held in State facilities. None were in Federal facilities. * Nearly 1 in every 5 inmates was classified as a maximum security risk, 2 in 5 as medium security, and 2 in 5 as minimum security or unclassified in 2000, unchanged from 1995. * State facilities had the largest percent of inmates classified as maximum security (21%), followed by Federal facilities (11%), and private facilities (4%). Federal facilities had the largest percent classified as minimum (61%), followed by private facilities (48%) and State facilities (33%). Number of correctional employees * A total of 430,033 correctional staff were employed throughout the Nation on June 30, 2000, 24% more than 5 years earlier. * Staff growth between 1995 and 2000 was highest among private facilities (364%), followed by Federal (32%), and State institutions (18%). * Correctional officers and other custody and security staff accounted for 38% of the Federal, 65% of State, and 60% of the private correctional workforces. * Between 1995 and 2000 the inmate population grew slightly faster than the number of correctional employees. As a result, the number of inmates per employee rose from 2.9 to 3.0. * The average number of inmates per correctional officer increased from 4.6 in 1995 to 4.8 in 2000. Characteristics of correctional staff * The number of female employees increased 41% between 1995 and 2000, while the number of male employees increased 17%. Women made up 33% of all staff in 2000, up from 29% in 1995. * 24% of correctional officers and other custody staff in 2000 were women. In 5 years their number increased 53% from 41,857 to 64,095. * Approximately 69% of correctional facility workers in 2000 were white, 21% were black, 8% were Hispanic, and 2% were of other races. In 1995 the percentage of white employees was slightly higher (71%), and the percentages of Hispanic (6%) and black employees (20%) were slightly lower. Prisoner assaults * Facilities reported more than 34,000 inmate-on-inmate assaults and nearly 18,000 inmate-on-staff assaults in the 12-month period preceding the 2000 Census. The number of assaults, including both physical and sexual assaults, was higher than in a similar period preceding the 1995 Census. * Although the number of reported assaults rose, the rate of inmate assault declined from 14.8 per 1,000 inmates in 1995 to 14.6 per 1,000 in 2000. * In the 12-months preceding the 2000 Census, 53 inmates died as a result of an inmate assault, down from 82 in the same period in 1995. Five staff died from inmate assaults, down from 14 in 1995. --------------------------------------------- By James J. Stephan and Jennifer C. Karberg BJS Statisticians Lawrence A. Greenfeld Director James J. Stephan and Jennifer C. Karberg wrote this report. Allen J. Beck supervised the development of the census and the writing of the report. Todd D. Minton assisted in data collection and question- naire development. Daniel J. Billings provided verification assistance. Tina L. Dorsey edited the report. Data collection and processing for the 2000 Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities were carried out by Pam Butler and Linda Huang, with assistance from Patricia Torreyson, and Bill Bryner, under the supervision of Charlene Sebold, Governments Division, U.S. Census Bureau. The 2000 Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities counted 1,668 facilities in operation on June 30, 2000 Number of facilities The total number of Federal, State and Private correctional facilities increased 14% from midyear 1995 when the count stood at 1,464. (Prior to the reclassification of Federal facilities between 1995 and 2000, Bureau of Justice Statistics publications reported a total of 1,500 correctional facilities in operation in 1995.) Private facilities grew the most, increasing 140% from 110 to 264, followed by a 9% gain by Federal facilities, from 77 to 84, and a 3% increase by State facilities from 1,277 to 1,320. The number of community-based facilities rose 51% from 304 in 1995 to 460 in 2000, while confinement institutions gained 4% from 1,160 to 1,208. Population A total of 1,305,253 inmates were in custody in State, Federal and private correctional facilities on June 30, 2000, 28% more than in 1995. There were 464 prison inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents at midyear 2000, up from 390 per 100,000 in 1995. Men made up 93% of the correctional population and women, 7%. Between 1995 and 2000 the number of male inmates rose by 27%, and female inmates, by 38%. Type of facility About 95 of every 100 inmates in 2000 were held in confinement institutions where less than half the population was permitted to regularly leave the premises unaccompanied by staff. Approximately 5 of every 100 inmates resided in community-based facilities where half or more of the inmates were permitted to regularly leave unaccompanied. More than three-quarters of facilities operated by State authorities Facilities State correctional authorities operated 1,298 facilities in 2000, or 78% of the total. Private operators under contract to State or Federal authorities operated 264 facilities (16%); Federal authorities, 84 (5%); and States and localities as joint authorities, 22 (1%). More than four-fifths of confinement facilities functioned with State employees, and about a third of community-based facilities were privately operated. Prisoners Approximately 84% of all prisoners were held in facilities operated by State authorities; 9% were held in institutions operated by Federal authorities; 7% by private operators; and less than 1% under joint arrangements between State and local authorities. About 85% of confinement facility prisoners were incarcerated in State-run institutions, and 25% of community-based inmates were housed in facilities operated by private contractors. Facility and inmate growth highest among private facilities Jurisdictions Between 1995 and 2000, the number of private prisons increased from 110 to 264 -- up 140%. The number of Federal prisons increased from 77 to 84 (up 9%), and State prisons increased from 1,277 to 1,320 (up 3%). Though private prisons held a relatively small proportion of all inmates (7% in 2000) they reported the largest percentage growth -- up 459% in 5 years. The Federal prison population rose 37%, and the State population rose 19%. Regions Almost half of all State prisons and over two-fifths of State inmates were in the South. Its 743 State correctional facilities were more than twice as numerous as those of other regions. With nearly 519,000 prisoners, its population was more than double that in both the Northeast and the Midwest, and nearly double that in the West. The South also had the largest number of prisoners per 100,000 State residents (518); the Northeast had the lowest number (321). Black and Hispanic inmates in the majority Approximately 46% of all prison inmates (excluding those whose race was not reported) were black; 36%, white; 16%, Hispanic; 1%, American Indian or Alaska Native; and 1%, Asian or Pacific Islander. Federal Black inmates comprised the largest category (40%), followed by Hispanic (30%), white non-Hispanic (27%), American Indian or Alaska Native, (over 1%), and Asian or Pacific Islander, 1%. State 47% of inmates were black; 37% were white; 14%, Hispanic; 1%, American Indian or Alaska Native; and less than 1%, Asian or Pacific Islander. Private The largest category was black (42%), followed by white (32%); Hispanic (22%); American Indian or Alaska Native (2%); and Asian or Pacific Islander (2%). Average daily population in prison reached nearly 1.3 million -- up 30% from 5 years earlier Jurisdiction The average daily population (ADP) in Federal institutions was 108,529, about 36% more than during the annual period ending June 30, 1995 (table 5). Among State facilities ADP was 1,090,176, up 22%; and among private facilities it was 91,184, a rise of 455% over the number in 1995. Region The West, with an average daily population of 267,392, recorded the highest 5-year growth of any region (36%). The Northeast, with an ADP of 173,139, recorded the lowest 5-year growth (18%). Prison facilities operated at 2% above rated capacity in 2000 Federal facilities With 110,974 inmates housed in space rated for 83,113, the Federal system operated, overall, at 134% of capacity occupied, higher than both the State and private systems. The smallest Federal facilities, housing between 100 and 249 inmates, had the lowest occupancy -- 89%; and facilities with capacities of 750 to 1,499, where more than half of the Federal prisoners resided, had the highest occupancy -- 144%. State facilities The number of inmates held in State facilities exceeded rated capacity by fewer than 11,000 inmates, producing an overall rate of 101% of capacity occupied. Facilities with a rated capacity for fewer than 100 beds had the lowest occupancy (84%); and large institutions holding 1,500 to 2,499 inmates had the highest (109%). Private facilities With an overall rate of 89% of capacity occupied, private contract facilities had more space relative to inmates than either the Federal or the State systems. The smallest private facilities (less than 100 inmate capacity) had the lowest occupancy (84%); and the largest institutions (1,500 to 2,499 inmate capacity) had the highest occupancy (99%). A quarter of all prison facilities held between 750 and 1,499 inmates A total of 421 facilities were medium-sized, holding between 750 and 1,499 inmates. Together with 360 facilities housing between 250 and 749 inmates, they accounted for 47% of the Nation's prison beds on June 30, 2000. The other half of all facilities included those holding fewer than 100 inmates, 21%; those holding between 100 and 249 inmates, 17%; those holding between 1,500 and 2,499 inmates, 11%; and those holding 2,500 inmates or more, 4%. Jurisdiction Eighty-five percent of Federal facilities were either medium-sized (750 - 1,499) or large (1,500 - 2,499), with 14% of its inmates in smaller structures. Only one Federal facility held more than 2,500 inmates. State facilities were the most equally distributed in size: 17% of State facilities held fewer than 100 inmates; 18% held 100 to 249; 23% held 250 to 749; 26% held 750 to 1,499; 11% held 1,500 - 2,499; and 5% held 2,500 or more. Half of all private facilities held fewer than 100 inmates. The remainder included 16% with a capacity for 100 to 249 inmates, and 34% with a capacity for 250 inmates or more. Region Compared with other regions, the West had a significantly higher percentage of facilities housing fewer than 100 inmates (37%) and 2,500 inmates or more (12%). Among confinement facilities the predominant facility function was general population confinement; among community-based facilities it was work release, prerelease, or community corrections Confinement facilities General population confinement was a function of all except two Federal facilities, 90% of State confinement facilities, and 79% of private confinement facilities. Alcohol or drug treatment was a function in 20% of the private, 19% of the Federal, and 16% of the State confinement facilities. Community-based facilities Work release, prerelease, or community corrections was a function in 93% of the State and 91% of the private community-based facilities. About 19% of the State facilities and 16% of the private facilities also provided general population confinement. Approximately 17% of private facilities reported alcohol or drug treatment functions. More than a quarter of correctional facilities less than 10 years old Facilities Approximately 27% of all prison facilities were less than 10 years old, including 32% in the Federal system, and 30% in the South. About 1 in every 20 facilities, nation-wide, were 100 years old or older, including about 1 in 10 in the Northeast. Inmates Approximately 31% of all prisoners (nearly 403,000 inmates) were housed in facilities that were less than 10 years old; 56% in facilities that were less than 20 years old. Approximately 80,000 prisoners (6%) resided in structures 100 years old or older. The South had the largest percentage of inmates in facilities less than 10 years old (37%), and the Midwest had the largest percentage in facilities 100 years old or older (14%). More than a quarter of all confinement facilities maximum security prisons On June 30, 2000, 332 of the 1,208 confinement facilities (27%) were classified as maximum security prisons, including those designated as super maximum, maximum, close, and high. There were 506 medium security confinement facilities (42%) and 370 minimum and low security facilities (31%). Gender of inmates housed More than 8 of every 10 confinement facilities housed men only; facilities housing women only and facilities holding both, men and women each accounted for fewer than 1 out of every 10 confinement facilities. The distribution was similar among maximum, medium, and minimum security institutions. Function General population confinement was most common in medium security facilities (94%), followed by maximum security (92%) and minimum security detention (81%). Medical treatment or hospitalization was reported most frequently in maximum security prisons (20%) and least frequently in minimum security facilities (5%). By contrast, alcohol or drug treatment functions were reported most often in minimum security (22%), and least often in maximum security facilities (11%). Age Approximately three-fifths of both maximum and medium security prisons were less than 20 years old, compared to slightly less than half of all minimum security facilities. Ten percent of maximum security prisons were 100 years old or older, compared to 3% of medium and 2% of minimum security prisons. Size Over half of the largest facilities (those with an average daily population of 2,500 or more)were maximum security prisons. Nearly two-thirds of the smallest facilities (those with fewer than 249 inmates) were minimum/low security facilities. More than a third of confined inmates in maximum security facilities Of the more than 1.2 million inmates in confinement facilities on June 30, 2000, nearly 36% were held in maximum security facilities; 48% in medium security facilities and 16% in minimum/ low security facilities. Gender of inmates housed Approximately 9 of every 10 inmates in confinement facilities were incarcerated in facilities for men only. The remainder were about equally divided between institutions housing women only and those housing both men and women. Age of facility Nearly half of minimum security inmates, over half of maximum security, and nearly two-thirds of medium security inmates were held in facilities built in the previous 20 years. Overall, 6% of inmates were held in facilities built at least 100 years ago. Two-thirds of these inmates (51,937) were in maximum security facilities. Size of facility Over 50% of inmates held in maximum and medium security facilities, compared to 21% of inmates held in minimum security facilities, were in facilities with an average daily population of 1,500 or more. State inmates nearly twice as likely as Federal inmates to be rated at the maximum custody level Within correctional facilities, inmates may be held at differing custody levels, based on the level of restriction and their need for supervision. At midyear 2000, 21% of State inmates, 11% of Federal inmates, and 4% of inmates in private facilities were held in maximum/close/high custody. Overall, nearly 245,000 inmates were being held in maximum custody. Confinement About two-fifths of State confinement facility inmates were classified as medium security, a third as minimum security, and a fifth as maximum security. By contrast, Federal confinement facility inmates were significantly more likely to be classified as minimum security (61%), and less likely to be medium (27%) or maximum (11%). Private confinement facility inmates were the least likely to be maximum security (4%) and the most likely to be minimum security (48%). Community More than three-quarters of all inmates housed in State and private community-based facilities were classified as minimum security. Fewer than 1% of inmates in State run community-based facilities were held in maximum security. 3,175 inmates died in Federal, State, and private prisons between July 1, 1999, and June 30, 2000 Federal, State, and private correctional authorities reported that 3,175 inmates had died during the 12-month period ending June 30, 2000, down from 3,311 reported in the same length period in 1995. Relative to the number of inmates, the rate of death dropped from 3.2 per 1,000 inmates in 1995 to 2.4 in 2000. Illnesses or natural cause was the principal cause of death among all inmates, including 85% in Federal, 75% in State, and 66% in private facilities. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was the second most frequent cause, accounting for 13% in private, 10% in State, and 7% in Federal facilities. The remaining deaths included suicide (5% to 9%), homicide (1% to 3%), and other causes, that is, executions, accidents, and drug overdoses (1% to 9%). The number of noncitizen inmates nearly doubled from 1995 to 2000 A total of 95,043 inmates or approximately 7% of all State and Federal prisoners were not U.S. citizens. In 1995, a total of 51,500 State and Federal inmates (5%) were noncitizens. Nearly 25% of Federal prisoners were non-U.S. citizens, compared to about 5% of State prisoners and 12% of inmates in private prisons. All but one Federal facility, over half of all State facilities, and a quarter of private facilities held at least one noncitizen. 4,095 prisoners under age 18 in 2000, down from 5,309 in 1995 A total of 4,095 inmates in adult correctional facilities on June 30, 2000, were under age 18, accounting for approximately three-tenths of one percent of all inmates. Of all inmates under age 18 at midyear 2000, State facilities held 3,927, and private facilities held 168. None were held in Federal facilities. A third of all State prisons (435) housed an inmate under the age of 18. About 1 in 5 correctional facilities operated under a court order or consent decree On June 30, 2000, a total of 357 facilities (21%) were under State or Federal court orders for the totality of conditions, to limit population, or for specific conditions of confinement. In 1995, 456 facilities (31%) had similar court directives. The 2000 total included 324 State operated facilities, down from 364 in 1995, and 33 privately operated facilities, up from 15 5 years earlier. No federally-operated facility was under court order preceding the 2000 Census; however, 77 were under court directive to modify the inmate phone service, and 1 was required to limit population in 1995. State Fewer State facilities were under court order for the totality of conditions in 2000 (52) than in 1995 (145). The number of State facilities ordered to limit population dropped from 216 in 1995 to 119 in 2000. About the same number of State institutions were under court orders for specific conditions in 2000 (303) as in 1995 (315). Crowding was the specific condition most frequently cited in 2000 (98), followed by visiting, mail, or telephone policies (97). Two conditions that were not previously reported in large numbers -- accommodation of the disabled (91), and mental health treatment (86) -- were important topics of court intervention, along with practices relating to religious expression (88). Among State facilities in 1995, crowding was also the most frequently cited reason (208), followed by medical facilities (136), library services (126), staffing (114), and prisoner recreation issues (97). Private Among the 33 private facilities under court order at midyear 2000, 26 were ordered to limit population, 7 were cited for the totality of conditions, and 17 for specific conditions. The most frequently cited condition in 2000 was grievance policies. More inmate assaults on other inmates and staff in 2000 than in 1995 Approximately 34,400 inmate assaults on other inmates took place in confinement facilities under Federal or State authority during the annual period ending June 30, 2000, 32% more than in 1995. Fewer attacks, however, resulted in inmate deaths -- 51 in 2000 versus 82 in 1995. The rate of assault on other prisoners rose from 27.0 to 28.0 per 1,000 inmates. Assaults on staff rose approximately 27% from about 14,200 in 1995 to 18,000 in 2000. Fewer employees were killed in such attacks in 2000 (5) than in 1995 (14). The rate of assault on staff was nearly the same -- 14.7 per 1,000 inmates in 1995 and 14.6 per 1,000 in 2000. The number of major disturbances -- incidents involving 5 or more inmates resulting in serious injury or significant property damage was nearly twice as high in 2000 (606) as in 1995 (317). But less than half as many fires were reported in the latter year (343 versus 816). More than 90% of facilities had work programs Work programs Ninety-one percent of all correctional facilities reported having some type of work program. On June 30, 2000, 92% of State and Federal facilities operated work programs, whereas only 73% of private facilities reported having work programs. Of the 1,208 confinement facilities, 1,174 (97%) had work programs, and community-based facilities, by contrast, had only 345 out of 460 facilities (75%) reporting some type of work program. Facility support services were the most prevalent type of work program across all types of correctional facilities, with 100% of Federal facilities reporting this type of program. Community-based facilities had the smallest percentage of this type of program (67%), but it was still the most common of any work program. Public works programs were the second-most common type of program across all correctional facilities (except Federal), ranging from 47% (private) to 66% (State) of facilities operating these programs. About 46% of confinement facilities had prison industries, 29% operated farms or other agricultural activities, and 60% engaged in public works projects such as road and park maintenance. Prison industries accounted for 5%, and farming, 7% of work programs in community-based facilities. Nearly 90% of Federal facilities had prison industries, 8% operated farms or other agriculture, and 39% performed public works projects. Education programs Ninety-two percent of Federal, 90% of State, and 80% of private facilities offered some sort of education program in 2000. Out of 1,208 confinement facilities, 1,140 (94%) operated education programs. Seventy-four percent of community-based facilities did so. Of facilities offering educational programs, 86-90% of all correctional facilities conducted secondary (including GED programs) or basic adult education classes. Three-fifths offered vocational training; 42%, special education; 32% operated college courses; and 10%, had study release programs. Counseling Overall, more correctional facilities provide counseling programs (96%) than either educational (89%) or work programs (91%). Ninety-seven percent of State confinement facilities, 93% of community-based, and 92% of Federal facilities offered counseling or other special programs to inmates in 2000. Across all facility types, drug and alcohol dependency counseling, or awareness programs were the most common. Among facilities providing counseling programs, 100% of Federal facilities offered psychological and psychiatric counseling, compared to 66% of States and 46% of private facilities. Considerably fewer community-based facilities (32%) offered this type of counseling compared to confinement facilities (77%). Ninety percent of Federal facilities, 55% of private, and 54% of State facilities with counseling programs operated HIV/AIDS counseling. Comparing confinement and community-based facilities, 62% and 39% of these facilities (respectively) provided some type of HIV/AIDS counseling. Work release programs -- Twenty-nine percent of all correctional institutions operated work release programs in 2000. This included 20% of Federal facilities, 25% of State, and 49% of private facilities. About 77% of all community-based facilities offered such programs, compared with 11% of confinement institutions. Approximately 28,100 Federal, State and private facility inmates participated in work release programs in 2000, 84% of them while assigned to community-based facilities. More than 9 in every 10 private facility participants and more than 8 in every 10 State participants resided in community-based facilities. 95 facilities operated boot camps in 2000, up from 65 in 1995 Prison boot camp programs were activities with highly regimented activity schedules, drill and ceremony, physical challenge and fitness, discipline, and chain of command. Thirty more boot camp programs were operating in 2000 (95) than in 1995 (65). All but 13 camps were located in minimum or medium security institutions. About 9 in every 10 facilities with boot camp programs housed either men only or both men and women. The number housing women only increased from 6 in 1995 to 11 in 2000. A total of 12,751 inmates were enrolled in boot camp programs on June 30, 2000, compared with 8,968 on the same day 5 years earlier. Correctional staff exceeded 430,000 in 2000, an increase of 24% since 1995 The number of administrative, custody/security, educational, and professional/technical staff employed under the authority of State or Federal corrections increased 22% to 28% during the 5 years preceding the 2000 Census. The number of clerical, maintenance and food service workers rose about 3% during this period. Overall, correctional facilities added nearly 83,000 employees between 1995 and 2000, an increase of 24%. At the same time, the number of inmates rose 28%. Among confinement facilities, all occupational categories except clerical/maintenance/food service gained between 22% and 24%. Staff nearly doubled among community-based facilities, mirroring similar growth in its inmate population. Correctional officers comprised 63% of facility employees in 2000 Approximately 65% of staff in State and 60% of staff in private facilities in 2000 were correctional officers or performed jobs related to custody or security). Among Federal facilities, however, custody or security staff comprised 38% of all employees. This difference was due in part to the larger percentage of State (38%) than Federal (15%) inmates who were housed in maximum security prisons -- in which closer staff supervision is required. In addition, although performing other duties, staff in Federal facilities are trained and qualified as correctional officers. Nearly 36% of Federal employees were classified as professional/technical, including counselors, psychologists, social workers, chaplains, and medical staff. An additional 2.5% were educational staff. In contrast, approximately 14% of staff in State facilities and 17% in private facilities were professional/ technical or educational employees. Wardens, superintendents, and others in administrative positions comprised 2.8% of all correctional staff. Private facility staff had the highest percentage administrative (5.9%), followed by staff in Federal facilities (5.3%) and State facilities 2.4%). Overall, 12% of all correctional employees were clerical and maintenance -- 13% of State, 11% of private, and 5% of Federal employees. Community-based facilities had somewhat higher percentages employed as professional/technical (14%) and administrative positions (6%) than did confinement facilities (11% and 2%, respectively). Correctional officers represented a larger percentage of staff in confinement facilities (65%) than in community-based facilities (58%). Growing percentages of facility staff female, black, or Hispanic Among full-time and part-time payroll staff, the number of females rose by 41% between 1995 and 2000, while the number of males rose by 17%. In 2000, 33% of all payroll staff were female, compared to 29% in 1995. Since the 1995 census, the number of Hispanic employees increased by 53% and black employees by 28%. The number of white employees rose by 17%. By midyear 2000, 29% of all staff were black or of Hispanic origin. Whites were more than twice as common among the correctional payroll staff (69%), as they were among the inmate population (36%). By contrast, blacks made up 21% of employees and 46% of the inmate population, and Hispanics, 8% of employees and 16% of inmates. White staff were relatively more common in confinement facilities (69%) than in community-based facilities (52%); black employees (34%) and Hispanics (11%) were more common in community-based facilities than in confinement facilities (21% and 8%, respectively). Community-based facilities had the highest number of inmates per employee in 2000 In 1995 and 2000, community-based facilities had the greatest number of inmates per employee (3.8 to 1, both years). Overall, the inmate-to- employee ratio in 2000 was 3.0 to 1, only slightly higher than in 1995 (2.9 to 1). In both confinement and community-based facilities the ratio of inmates to custody/security employees was considerably lower than for all other occupational categories. The highest ratio of inmates per employees in confinement facilities occurred among administrative employees (112 to 1). In community-based facilities, there were approximately 166 inmates for every educational employee. The number of inmates per employee highest in private confinement facilities Based on inmate population on June 30, 2000, the highest number of inmates per employee was in private confinement facilities (4.0 to 1), followed by State community-based facilities (3.8 to 1). The lowest number was in State confinement institutions (2.9 to 1). In Federal confinement institutions the ratio was 3.4 inmates per employee. On average, the number of inmates per correctional officer or other custody/ security employee in Federal confinement facilities was 9.0 inmates, nearly twice as many as in State confinement institutions (4.5 inmates) and 38% more than in State community-based facilities (6.2 inmates). The highest inmate-to-staff ratio across all facility types was among administrative employees (highest in State confinement facilities with a 126.1 to 1 inmate to employee ratio). Each clerical, maintenance, and food service worker accounted for 22.5 inmates in State confinement, and 28.6 in State community-based facilities. Between 1995 and 2000, State confinement facility inmate-to- employee ratios were fairly stable, with the overall ratio remaining 2.9 to 1 for 2000. Though the inmate-to-employee ratio in private community-based facilities (3.4 to 1) was lower than that of State community-based facilities (3.8 to 1), and private confinement facilities (4.0 to 1), these private community-based facilities experienced the largest change in the number of inmates relative to employees between the census years (2.5 to 1 in 1995 to 3.4 to 1 in 2000). The number of inmates to clerical, maintenance, and food service employees doubled in these facilities in 2000, and there was a 73% increase in the number of inmates to custody/security officers. Private facilities increased in number and in size of their inmate population during the 1990's The number of private correctional facilities under contract to State or Federal authorities increased 140% from 110 in 1995 to 264 in 2000. The average daily number of inmates housed in private facilities rose 455% from 16,426 in 1995 to 91,184 in 2000, or from approximately 1.7% to 7.1% of the average daily correctional population. Facilities Between 1995 and 2000, 72 additional private confinement facilities were opened, raising their number from 29 to 101; and 82 more private community-based facilities began operation, increasing from 81 to 163. More than a third of all private correctional facilities were less than 10 years old. About 3 in every 4 had low or minimum security, and a similar proportion housed fewer than 500 inmates. In more than half, the main function was work release or prerelease. Inmates During the 5-year period ending June 30, 2000, the average daily number of inmates in private confinement facilities increased from 12,534 to 76,170; and the private community-based facility population grew from 3,892 to 15,014. Approximately two-thirds of all private facility inmates were housed in facilities less than 10 years old, and nearly all were held under medium or minimum security. Nearly 9 in every 10 served time in facilities with a main function of general confinement or work release/prerelease. Less than half of 1% of inmates in State and private facilities under age 18 State correctional facilities held a total of 4,095 inmates under the age of 18 on June 30, 2000, about four-tenths of 1% of all State and private facility inmates -- down from 5,309 in 1995. Only two-tenths of 1% of all private facility inmates were under age 18. The overwhelming majority of youths who were in prison were in State facilities (96%). There were no inmates under 18 in federally run facilities. All but 153 or 4% of prisoners under age 18 were housed in confinement facilities, including nearly half (2,008) in maximum security institutions. Most of the others (1,582) resided in medium security, and the remainder (505) in minimum or low security facilities. The Northeast had the highest proportion of inmates under age 18 who were assigned to maximum security prisons (60%), followed by the South (53%), the Midwest (35%), and the West (35%). Rated capacity of prisons operating under State authority expanded nearly 84% from 1990 to 2000 The capacity of correctional facilities under State authority, as measured by the number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating official, rose 84% from 650,600 in 1990 to 1,195,358 in 2000. During this period the number of State prisoners grew 81% from 658,828 to 1,194,279. With minor fluctuation, parity was maintained between facility space and inmates. The South experienced the largest 10 year increase of 108%, followed by a 90% increase in the west. The Midwest and Northeast experienced smaller, but still substantial increases in their rated capacities since 1995 (60% and 47%, respectively). The most significant changes in regional rated capacities occurred between 1990 and 1995. The 5-year period between 1995 and 2000 was characterized by more stability in rated capacities compared to the previous 5- year period. The largest shift in the Nation's prison space occurred in the South from 1990 to 1995 (increasing from 40% to 46%). The South continued to represent 46% of the Nation's prison capacity in 2000. The West's proportion of prison capacity was virtually unchanged in the 10-year period, with 22% of capacity in 1990 and 23% in 2000. Both the Northeast and the Midwest experienced a decrease in their proportions of the Nation's prison space. In 1990 the Northeast had 17% of prison capacity, compared to 13% in 2000. The Midwest's share declined from 21% to 18% during the same period. Inmate growth continued to outstrip capacity in the 1990’s as occupancy reached 101% in 1990 and 103% in 1995. But by midyear 2000 the number of inmates and beds were about equal, producing an occupancy rate of 100%. The most recent census data of State facilities showed that occupancy was highest in the Midwest (109%)and lowest in the South (95%). Methodology The 2000 Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities was the sixth enumeration of State institutions and the third of Federal institutions sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Earlier censuses were completed in 1974, 1979, 1984, 1990, and 1995. The facility universe was developed from the Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities conducted in 1995. Each department of correction was contacted to identify new facilities and facilities that had been closed since June 30, 1995. Telephone follow-ups with data providers were carried out in the fall of 2000 and resulted in a final response rate of 100%. Facilities were included in the census if they were staffed with Federal, State, local, or private employees; housed primarily State or Federal prisoners; were physically, functionally, and administratively separate from other facilities; and were operational on June 30, 2000. The census also included 264 private facilities under exclusive contract to State governments or to the Federal Bureau of Prisons to house prisoners. The Census included the following types of State and Federal adult correctional facilities: prisons, prison farms; reception, diagnostic, and classification centers; road camps; forestry and conservation camps; youthful offender facilities (except in California); vocational training facilities; drug and alcohol treatment facilities; and State-operated local detention facilities in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. (Of these six States only Alaska had some locally administered correctional facilities.) Jails and other local regional detention facilities, including those housing State prisoners, were specifically excluded from the census, as were private facilities not predominantly for State or Federal inmates. Also excluded were facilities for the military, Immigration and Naturalization Service, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Marshals Service, and correctional hospital wards not operated by correctional authorities. Correctional facilities were classified as community-based if 50% or more of the residents were regularly permitted to leave, unaccompanied, to work or study. These facilities included halfway houses, restitution centers, and prerelease, work release, and study release centers. Correctional facilities in which less than 50% of the inmates regularly left the facility unaccompanied were classified as confinement institutions. Because the census was a complete enumeration, the results were not subject to sampling error. The census counted prisoners held in the facilities, a custody count. A jurisdictional count, more inclusive than a custody count, includes all prisoners over whom correctional authorities exercised control. For the purposes of comparability between the count of Federal facilities in 1995 and 2000, the 1995 count was adjusted to reflect the administrative merging of Federal camp facilities to 36 confinement facilities. This change in the accounting of the number of these facilities took place between 1995 and 2000. End of file 08/21/03 ih Revised 10/15/03 th