U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 November 2000, NCJ 177613 --------------------------------------------------------------- This file is text only without graphics and many of the tables. A Zip archive of the tables in this report in spreadsheet format (.wk1) and the full report including tables and graphics in .pdf format are available from: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cpus97.htm This report is one in a series. More recent editions may be available. To view a list of all in the series go to http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pubalp2.htm#cpus ---------------------------------------------------------------- Contents U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics Jan M. Chaiken, Ph.D. Director This volume resulted from a collaborative effort of the BJS Corrections Statistics unit, under the supervision of Allen J. Beck. Paula M. Ditton coordinated the preparation of the volume. Allen Beck updated the correctional population trends section. Thomas P. Bonczar, assisted by Lauren E. Glaze collected the data and prepared the tables for the probation and parole sections; Darrell K. Gilliard prepared the section on jail inmates. Caroline Wolf Harlow, Ph.D., assisted by Christopher J. Mumola and Tracy L. Snell, prepared the tables for the Survey of State and Federal inmates. Tracy L. Snell prepared the section on capital punishment. Christopher J. Mumola prepared the sections on military corrections. Paula M. Ditton prepared the section on prisoners. Tom Hester, Ellen Goldberg, and Ida Hines produced this volume. Jayne Robinson supervised final production for printing. La Terri Bynum, Elizabeth Griffin, Marita Perez and Laarni Verdolin, under the supervision of Kathleen Creighton and Gertrude B. Odom, of the Crime Surveys Branch, Demographic Surveys Division of the U.S. Census Bureau, coordinated data collection and processing of the Survey of State and Federal prisoners. Christopher Alaura, Lawrence Altmayer and Ruth Breads of the Crime Surveys Programming Branch provided programming assistance under the supervision of Stephen T. Phillips and Dave Watt. The questionnaire was programmed by Ellen Soper of the Technologies Management Office under the supervision of William Mockovak. Sample design and weighting were provided at the Statistical Methods Division by Denise Lewis and Andrew Zbikowski under the supervision of J. Michael Roebuck and Thomas Moore. Interviews were conducted by the Field Division and coordinated by Medell Ford II and John Godenick under the supervision of Richard Ning. Christopher Innes, assisted by Susan Allison, Denise Golumbaski, Nancy Miller, Vicki Russell, Allyson Suski, and Ina Winn at the Federal Bureau of Prisons, coordinated data collection in Federal Facilities. Lisa McNelis, assisted by Martha Greene, Henrietta Herrin, and Duane Cavanaugh, under the supervision of Stephanie Brown of the Governments Division of the U.S. Census Bureau, collected and processed the Annual Survey of Jails. Steven M. Bittner, Patricia A. Clark , Marc I. Roemer, and Laarni Verdolin of the Crime Surveys Branch, Demographic Surveys Division of the U.S. Census Bureau, collected, processed, and tabulated the data on prisoners and capital punishment. They worked under the supervision of Gertrude B. Odom and Kathleen P. Creighton. --------------------------------------------------- Highlights Note to readers Introduction: Definitions of common terms used in tables Data sources Trends in U.S. correctional populations Jail inmates in 1997 Probation in 1997 Survey of State and Federal inmates, 1997 Prisoners in 1997 Parole in 1997 Capital punishment in 1997 U.S. military corrections in 1997 Index Highlights An estimated 5.7 million adult residents of the United States were under some form of correctional supervision in 1997. Seven in 10 were supervised in the community, through probation or parole. About 2.8% of all adult residents of the United States were under correctional supervision in 1997, up from 1.7% in 1985. About 9.0% of black adults, 2.0% of white adults, and 1.3% of adults of other races were under correctional supervision in 1997. Jails On June 30,1997, local jails held an estimated 557,974 adults. Men comprised 89% of adult jail inmates. White non- Hispanic inmates accounted for 41% of the total jail population; black non- Hispanics, 42%; and Hispanics, 16%. The total number of adults in local jails increased by approximately 47,600 during the year ending June 30, 1997, or 9.3%. The growth rate during 1997 was nearly twice that of the average annual increase between 1990 and 1997. Probation Nearly 3.3 million adults were on probation on December 31,1997. Probationers made up 57% of all adults under correctional supervision in 1997. Twenty-one percent of the probationers were women, a larger proportion than for any other correctional population. About 64% were white and 34% black. Between yearend 1996 and 1997, the number of adults on probation increased by 101,841 (3.2%). From 1990 to 1997 the probation population grew by nearly 600,000 people, an average of 2.9% annually. About 62% of all adults discharged from probation in 1997 had successfully completed their sentences. Nearly 20% were incarcerated, 5% under a new sentence and 14% with the same sentence. Prisons Nearly 1.2 million men and women were in the custody of State and Federal prisons at yearend 1997. Approximately 94% were men. About 48% of the inmates were white, 49% black, and 3% American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian, or Pacific Islander. The number of inmates in State and Federal custody rose by 49,158 (4.4%) during 1997. Between 1990 and 1997 the prison population increased by nearly 434,000 inmates, or an average annual growth of 6.8%. The number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction per 100,000 U.S. residents increased from 297 in 1990 to 444 in 1997. Between 1990 and 1997 the imprisonment rate of white inmates rose 36% from 139 to 189 per 100,000; the rate for blacks increased 63% from 1,067 to 1,743; and the rate for Hispanics grew 35% from 548 to 738. Among whites, prisoners age 30-34 had the highest incarceration rate in 1997: 476 per 100,000 white residents. Among blacks, prisoners age 25-29 had the highest rate: 4,564 per 100,000. Approximately 62% of sentenced inmates entering prison in 1997 were new court commitments. Just over a third were parole or other conditional release violators, up from 29% in 1990. Around 334,500 sentenced offenders were admitted as new court commitments to State prisons during 1997. Between 1990 and 1997, the number of persons entering State prison for a violent offense increased by 16% from 86,600 in 1990 to 100,200 in 1997. Admissions for public-order offenses were up by 37%, from 26,000 in 1990 to 35,700 in 1997. Property offenses decreased by 9%, from 104,400 in 1990 to 94,700 in 1997. For the fourth consecutive year, the largest number of admissions to State prison were for drug offenses, 102,600 drug offenders were admitted in 1997, up from 102,400 in 1990. There were 39,431 sentenced offenders admitted to Federal prison in 1997. Forty-six percent were drug offenders, 27% were public-order offenders, 20% property offenders, and 7% violent offenders. Parole and post-release supervision An estimated 690,750 adults were on parole at yearend 1997, a 1.6% increase from 1996. The average annual rate of growth between 1990 to 1997 was 3.8%. Among persons released from prison in 1997, around 83% were placed on probation, parole, or some other type of conditional release. The number of persons leaving State prisons based on parole board decisions declined from 39% in 1990 to 28% in 1997. During the same period, the number exiting by mandatory release grew from 29% to 40% of all releases, and the number whose sentence expired increased from 13% to 17%. Slightly fewer than 9 in 10 parolees were male. An estimated 54% of persons on parole were white; 44%, black; and 2%, other races. Around 6% of the parole population was under intensive supervision. Nearly half (45%) of all exits from parole were successful completions, 41% were returned to incarceration. One in every 8 parolees were returned to prison with a new sentence. The proportion of adults being actively supervised (80%), those being supervised out of State (5%), and the number of absconders (7%) remained relatively unchanged between 1996 and 1997. The number of parolees classified under inactive supervision (7%) decreased slightly. Capital punishment During 1997, 256 inmates were received under sentence of death by State and Federal prisons. As of December 31, 1997, the Nation's prisons held a total of 3,335 inmates under sentence of death. An estimated 56% were white and 42% were black. Half had been under sentence of death for at least 6 years and 7 months. Seventeen States executed 74 male prisoners during 1996, including 45 whites, 27 blacks, 1 American Indian, and 1 Asian person. Between 1977 and 1997 a total of 432 prisoners were executed under civil authority in the United States. Military confinement On December 31, 1997, the Air Force, Army, Marine Corps, and Navy held a total of 2,772 prisoners in 64 facilities. The Coast Guard operated no confinement facilities. Probation Persons serving a sentence to probation usually-- * received the sentence from a court as an alternative to confinement * live unconfined in the community while meeting certain conditions * must fulfill conditional requirements like keeping a job, not drinking, not using drugs, not keeping company with known offenders, paying restitution or fine, and regularly reporting to a probation officer. Jail Persons in jail usually * are confined in a facility owned by a county or city * are in facility that holds people for 72 hours or more, as opposed to a temporary lockup * if they are sentenced, are serving a sentence of a year or less or are waiting for transfer to prison or for disposition of charges of violation of a conditional release * if they are unsentenced, are waiting for a trial or hearing or for transfer to juvenile, court, or mental health authorities. Prison Persons in prison usually-- * are confined in a facility owned by a State or by the Federal Government * are serving a sentence of more than a year (except in six States combining jails and prisons -- Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont). Parole Persons on parole or post-release supervision usually-- * received the parole from an executive authority or received a sentence to post-release supervision from a judicial authority, after a time in prison or jail * live unconfined in the community while meeting certain conditions * must fulfill conditional requirements like keeping a job, not drinking, not using drugs, not keeping company with known offenders, and regularly reporting to a parole officer. Approximately 98% of the prisoners held by the Army, 87% of those held by the Air Force, 79% of those held by the Navy, and 75% of those held by the Marine Corps at yearend 1997 were convicted inmates; the remainder were unconvicted persons whose cases had not yet been tried. Half of convicted military prisoners had committed a violent offense. About a third were confined for rape (16%) or sexual assault (15%). A fifth were serving sentences for drugs. Eleven percent were sentenced for larceny/theft, and 11% for murder. Approximately 8% were confined for military infractions, such as AWOL, insubordination, or failure to obey a lawful order. Ninety-eight percent of all prisoners held in military confinement facilities in 1997 were men, and 2% were women. About 52% were non-Hispanic whites; 35%, non- Hispanic blacks; 9%, Hispanics; and 4%, other races. Around 98% were enlisted personnel, and 2% officers. 1997 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities The 1997 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities conducted face-to-face interviews with prison inmates from June through October 1997. The Surveys obtained detailed information about State and Federal prison inmates' current offenses and sentences, their criminal histories, personal and family characteristics, drug and alcohol use, treatment, health care, and prison conditions. State prison inmate surveys were also conducted in 1974, 1979, 1986, and 1991. Federal inmates were surveyed for the first time in 1991. During the period that interviews were conducted, 1,409 State prisons held 1,059,607 inmates, and 127 Federal prisons held 89,072 inmates. Since 1991, when the previous survey was conducted, the State and Federal prison population grew by 51%. The percentage of white, black, and Hispanic State prison inmates remained relatively unchanged between 1991 and 1997. Thirty-three percent of State inmates were white non-Hispanic, 47% black non- Hispanic, and 17% Hispanic. The percentage of black inmates in Federal prison increased from 30% in 1991 to 38% in 1997. The State prison population grew increasingly middle-aged between 1991 and 1997. In 1991 inmates between age 35 to 44 comprised 23% of the population, the same group accounted for 29% in 1997. Overall, the median age increased from 30 years in 1991 to 32 years in 1997. The median age of Federal prisoners remained unchanged at 36 years. Just under half of inmates in State prison were incarcerated for a violent offense in both 1991 and 1997. The percentage of property offenders dropped from 25% in 1991 to 22% in 1997, while public- order offenses increased from 7% to 10% during the same period. In both years about 2 in 10 State inmates were incarcerated for a drug offense. The percentage of inmates held for a drug offense in Federal prison continued to rise, from 58% in 1991 to 63% in 1997. Nearly half were drug trafficking offenders. Just under half of all inmates in State prison and a quarter of those in Federal prison were on probation or parole at the time of their current arrest. The percentage of recidivists among State prisoners, those with a prior sentence to probation or incarceration, declined from 81% in 1991 to 76% in 1997. Nearly 43% of State inmates said they had served three or more prior sentences. At the time of the offense, just over half of State inmates in 1997, and a third of Federal inmates were under the influence of either alcohol or drugs. Among State inmates, 37% were under the influence of alcohol, and 33% were under the influence of drugs. Among Federal inmates, 20% were drinking and 22% were using drugs. Reported drug use by State and Federal prison inmates increased between 1991 and 1997. Nearly 57% of State inmates were using drugs in the month before the offense, up from 50% in 1991. Drug use among Federal inmates increased from 32% in 1991 to 45% in 1997. Overall, the percentage of inmates who reported receiving drug treatment and programs since admission to State prison declined from 30% in 1991 to 24% in 1997. Among federal prisoners, 25% reported participation in drug treatment or programs in 1997, up from 20% in 1991. Among those who used drugs regularly in the month before the offense, 35% of State prisoners and 40% of Federal inmates in 1997 had participated in a drug treatment or drug abuse program since admission. Prior to admission to prison, 57% of female State prison inmates and 16% of males said they had been physically or sexually abused. Lower rates of abuse were reported by Federal inmates, 7% of males and 40% of females reported prior abuse. Imortant Note Correctional Populations in the United States presents numbers that describe persons under some form of correctional supervision. In this compilation the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) seeks to help users by-- * making readily apparent the links between different correctional institutions or methods in each State * suggesting the similarities and differences between States and regions as our system of criminal justice responds to both common and disparate needs * permitting comparisons, however limited they must be, with previous years' statistics. Helping readers find a single number Through an index at the end of the volume, readers can find all topics treated in the tables. The index numbers refer to the tables. Footnotes give extra information about how to interpret the numbers in the tables. Category definitions are available in three places: the explanatory notes in the appendices of sections, the questionnaires also in the appendices, and the definitions of common terms in the Introduction on page 2. To make comparisons across years or between jurisdictions BJS makes every effort to report numbers that are consistent in interpretation with those of the past and between separate jurisdictions in the present. Data collection rules and reporting protocols that fit historical statistics and that impose the least burden on respondents are used. Some jurisdictions depart from the reporting conventions, and some categories for counting have shifted over the years. Users who try to draw conclusions from such numbers by comparing years or jurisdictions must take into account special circumstances and changes. Footnotes, table notes, explanatory notes, and other material highlighting the tables must be consulted for a full understanding of the data. The following symbols are used in the tables: / not reported : not known ... not applicable Definitions of common terms used in tables Custody. To have custody of a prisoner, a State must hold that person in one of its facilities. Early statistical reports gave custody counts that largely have been replaced by jurisdiction counts of State prison populations. A State may have custody of a prisoner over whom another State maintains jurisdiction. The tables present both kinds of counting procedures, with jurisdiction counts being more complete; States reporting only on custody are noted. Detention status. This term distinguishes between prisoners, usually in jail, who were convicted or awaiting judgment. Discretionary parole. A release from prison to supervision is discretionary when it is decided by a board or other authority. Hispanic origin. A person of Hispanic origin may be of any race; however, a few States treat the ethnic category as a racial one. Jurisdiction. Jurisdiction refers to a unit of government or to the legal authority to exercise governmental power. According to the latter meaning, the prisoners under a State's jurisdiction may be in the custody of local jails. (See "Custody.") Mandatory parole. Mandatory parole results from statutory or correctional guidelines, and no judgment by a panel or board is required for release of a prisoner to supervision outside prison. Maximum sentence length. Some jurisdictions sentence offenders to a range of years; the larger number in that range is the most that a prisoner may serve on a sentence. Often, good time is subtracted from the maximum sentence. When the tables report on prisoners with sentences longer or shorter than a year, the maximum sentence is used where applicable. Military justice terms General court-martial is the highest military court for judging the most serious offenses. A military judge presides. This court includes members (jurors) at the election of the accused, except when the court must have members for imposition of the death penalty. If an enlisted person is accused, in the absence of exigent circumstances at least a third of the court must be enlisted members who are not lower ranking than the accused. A general court-martial may be used to try any person subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Special court-martial is used for judging offenses less serious than those in a general court-martial. A military judge presides. A special court-martial may not impose the following: the death penalty, a dishonorable discharge, dismissal of an officer, confinement in excess of 6 months, hard labor without confinement for more than 3 months, forfeiture of pay in excess of two-thirds of pay per month, or forfeiture of any percentage of pay for more than 6 months. Summary court-martial is the least formal military court, consisting of one active-duty commissioned officer. This court promptly adjudicates minor offenses under a simple procedure. Punishment may not exceed confinement for 1 month, hard labor without confinement for 45 days, restriction to specified limits for more than 2 months, or forfeiture of more than two-thirds pay for more than 1 month. If the service member is above the rank of E-4, the presiding officer may not impose confinement, hard labor without confinement, or reduction of more than one grade. Movement. In corrections, a movement is an admission to or a release from a status such as prisoner, parolee, or probationer. Unless specifically noted, a transfer between facilities does not count as a movement. Most serious offense. The offense with the longest term of incarceration imposed. New court commitments. Inmates who were admitted to prison directly from a court with all new sentences. This category includes probation violators entering prison for the first time on the probated offenses. Parole violators are excluded from this category. One-day count. For a 1-day count a jurisdiction or facility is asked to report how many people were on its roll on a certain day. The average daily population is a year's total number of people on the roll each day, divided by the number of days. The methods of counting in aggregate do not yield estimates of either the number of persons in a status during the year or the average amount of time persons remain in a status. Parole. Unless otherwise specified, parole includes all types of supervision in the community in which the period of community supervision was affixed at the time of release from a prison or jail. Includes discretionary parole, mandatory parole, and other forms of post-release supervision. Excludes persons initially sentenced to incarceration followed by a period of probation, often referred to as a "split sentence." Race. Classification by race often depends on the reporting program and the State. A few States reported two categories: white and nonwhite. A few others categorized Hispanic offenders as belonging to "Other race." The number of persons with certain racial backgrounds were sometimes estimated. Reporting time. The prison and capital punishment figures are from December 31, 1996, unless otherwise noted. The Bureau of the Census surveyed jails on June 30, 1996. The bureau conducted the Survey of Inmates in Local Jails from October 1995 through March 1996. Revisions. Many States revise the yearend number reported for the previous year. Those revisions are made in the total, not the detail. For example, the number of blacks, whites, and members of other races for 1995 were not changed by a State in 1996 to equal its revised 1995 total. Data sources Series that aggregate by reporting unit NPS-1. Annual yearend count of prisoners present by jurisdiction, gender, race, Hispanic origin, and admissions and releases during the year. NPS-1A. Count of prisoners present on June 30 by jurisdiction. NPS-1B. Advance yearend count of prisoners; emergency releases because of prison crowding; rated, operational, and design capacities of prison facilities. NPS-8A. Yearend count of persons in prison under sentence of death. NPS-8B, 8C. Complete survey of States to determine any significant changes in statues or case law relating to the death penalty. CJ-8. Yearend count, admissions, and releases of persons on probation by jurisdiction. CJ-7. Yearend count, admissions, and releases of persons on parole by jurisdiction. CJ-5. Annual survey to estimate the population and rated capacity of jails. CJ-43. Census every 5 to 6 years of all State and Federal prison facilities to record their characteristics. CJ-3. Census every 5 to 6 years of all jail facilities to record their characteristics. Series based on reported individual offenders NPS-8. Characteristics of persons admitted to, under, or released from a sentence of death during the year. NCRP-1A. Individual record data on each offender admitted to prison during the year, covering race, age, Hispanic origin, jail credits, prior prison credit, offenses and number of counts, and maximum and minimum sentence. NCRP-1B. Individual record data on each offender released from prison during the year, covering data from NCRP-1A, offenses and sentences since admission, time spent in halfway houses, time served, and category of discharge. NCRP-1C. Individual record data on each offender discharged from parole supervision, covering data contained in NCRP-1A and NCRP-1B, parole discharge, and category of discharge. Series based on interviews of sampled prisoners SIJ-43. Survey every 5 years of a random sample of jail inmates to determine criminal history, drug and alcohol use, and personal background. NPS-25. Survey every 5 years of a random sample of prison inmates to determine criminal history, drug and alcohol use, and personal background. -------------------------------------------------------------- Index Absconding, from parole 6.3 -from probation 3.4 Abuse before entering jail 4.19 Accidents in prison, cause of death, by gender 5.17 Admissions, to death row 7.2-7.4, 7.11-7.15 -to military facilities 8.9-8.11 -to Federal prison 5.10a-5.12a, 5.16; 1990-97 1.18-1.21, 1.26-1.27 -to prison, by type of admission 5.10a; men 5.11a; women 5.12a -to State prison, 1990-97 1.17-1.27; by offense, 1.22-1.27; by gender 1.18-1.19; by race 1.20-1.21 Age, jail inmates 4.1 -prisoners under sentence of death 7.6, 7.11, 7.19 AIDS, among deaths in prison 5.17 Alaska Natives (see "race") Alcohol use, jail inmates 4.16-4.17, 4.23 American Indians (see "race") Average daily population, jails 2.2, 2.8 Capacity, jails 2.7 -military confinement facilities 8.1 Capital punishment 1.29; 7.1-7.26 -age of prisoners 7.6, 7.11, 7.19 -criminal history of prisoners, by race 7.10, 7.15, 7.23 -education level completed of prisoners 7.7, 7.12, 7.20 -Hispanic prisoners on death row, 7.4 -legal status at time of capital offense, by race 7.9, 7.14, 7.22 -marital status of prisoners 7.8, 7.13, 7.21 -prisoners received from court 7.11-7.15 -prisoners removed from death row 7.16-7.23 -prisoners under sentence of death at yearend 7.1-7.10 -time served on death row 7.5, 7.18 -women on death row, by race 7.3 Commutations of sentences 5.13; men 5.14; women 5.15 -military 8.13 Completion, parole 6.5 -probation 3.6 Conditional releases, prison 5.13 -from military confinement 8.13 Correctional supervision, total under 1.1 -adults under 1.2-1.4 Criminal history -jail inmates 4.11-4.12 -prisoners on death row 7.10, 7.15, 7.23 Crowding, jails 2.7-2.8 -percent of prison inmates in jail 5.5 Custody populations, prisons 5.18-5.20 -female prisoners 5.20 -male prisoners 5.19 Death penalty statutes, by jurisdiction 7.24 Deaths, -offenders on parole 6.5 -offenders on probation 3.6 -prisoners on death row 7.16-7.17 -prisons 5.10b, men 5.11b, women 5.12b -prisons, by cause and gender 5.17 Driving while intoxicated, probation 3.9 Drug use, jail inmates 4.14-4.16 Educational background, prisoners under sentence of death 7.7, 7.12, 7.20 Electronic monitoring, parolees 6.9 -probationers 3.10 Entries, parole 6.2, 6.4 -probation 3.2, 3.5 Escapes, prisoners leaving prison 5.10b, men 5.11b, women 5.12b -prisoners returned to prison 5.10a, men 5.11a, women 5.12a Ethnicity (see "Hispanic origin") Executions, number 7.2, 7.17, 7.25-7.26 -States' totals, 1930-97 7.25-7.26 Exits, parole 6.2, 6.5 -probation 3.2, 3.6 Expiration of sentences 5.13, men 5.14, women 5.15 Federal prisons 5.1-5.4, 5.6-5.20, 1990-97 1.5-1.12, 1.15-1.16, 1.18-1.21, 1.26-1.28 Felonies, probated sentences 3.9 Felony history, prisoners on death row, by race 7.10, 7.15, 7.23 Gender, admissions to prison 5.11a, 5.12a -by detention status in jail 2.3 -jail inmates 2.3 -military prisoners 8.5 -offenders on parole 6.6 -offenders on probation 3.7 -prisoners, by State and race 5.7-5.8 -prisoners, by State and sentence length 5.1; men 5.2; women 5.3 -prisoners in custody 1.6-1.7, 5.19-5.20 -releases from prison 5.11b, 5.12b -sentenced prisoners 1.8-1.12 -total number of men and women under correctional supervision, 1.2-1.4 Health care of jail inmates 4.21, mental health 4.22 Hispanic origin, adults on parole 6.6 -adults on probation 3.7 -jail inmates 2.3, 4.3, 4.7, 4.9, 4.18-4.23 -military prisoners 8.5 -prisoners 1.12; 1990 and 1995-97 1.10 -prisoners, by State and gender 5.9 -prisoners under sentence of death 7.4 Illness, cause of death, by gender 5.17 Incarceration rates, adults 1990-97 1.7 -sentenced prisoners 1.9 -by gender, race, Hispanic origin and age (1990 and 1997) 1.11 -State prisons 5.4 Incarcerations from probation 3.6, 5.16 -from parole revocation 1.24, 5.16, 6.5 Intensive supervision, jail inmates 2.1 -parolees 6.9 -probationers 3.10 Jails and jail inmates 2.1-2.8; 1990-97 1.1 -alcohol use 4.17-4.18, 4.24 -average daily population, 1990-97 2.2 -age of inmates 2.2, 4.1; by offense 4.5 -capacity 2.7-2.8 -criminal history 4.7-4.8 -criminal justice status at arrest 4.8-4.9 -drug use 4.14-4.16 -health care 4.21 -mental health treatment 4.22 -prior physical or sexual abuse 4.13 -race/Hispanic origin of inmates 2.3; by offense 4.6 -gender of inmates 1.2, 2.3, 4.1, 4.6 -with probation 3.5 Jurisdiction populations, prisons 5.1 -female prisoners 5.3 -male prisoners 5.2 Juvenile offenders in jail 2.2, 4.1 Legal status at time of capital offense, by race, 7.9, 7.14, 7.22 -at time of arrest of jail inmate 4.8-4.9 -of military prisoners 8.1 Marital status, prisoners under sentence of death, by race 7.8, 7.13, 7.21 Men, deaths in prison, by cause 5.17 -in jail 2.1, 2.3 -in prison, by race and State 5.7 -military prisoners 8.5 -number under correctional supervision 1.2, 1.4, 1990-97 1.6-1.12 -on death row 7.1 -on parole 6.6 -on probation 3.7 -prison admissions, by type and State 5.11a, 5.16 -prison releases, by type and State 5.11b, 5.14 -prisoners, by sentence length 1996-97 5.2, 5.19 -violators of parole 5.16 Misdemeanors, probated sentence 3.9 Military corrections 8.1-8.13 -admissions 8.9-8.11 -capacity 8.1 -offenses 8.6-8.7 -pretrial 8.12 -prisoners 8.1-8.13 -releases 8.13 Native Americans (see "race") Offense types, for adults on probation 3.9 -for Federal prison inmates 1990 and 1995-97, 1.15-1.16, 1.26; 1990-97, 1.27 -for jail inmates 4.3-4.6, 4.10-4.12, 4.15-4.16 -for military prisoners 8.6-8.7 -for State prison inmates 1990-97 1.13-1.14, 1.22-1.25 -drug use 4.15-4.16 Officers, in military prison 8.5-8.13 Overcrowding (see "crowding") Pacific Islanders (see "race") Parole 6.1-6.10 -by gender 6.6 -by Hispanic origin 6.6 -by status of supervision 6.3 -changes in population size, 1996-97 6.2 -completions 6.5 -discretionary 6.4 -electronic monitoring 6.9 -entries 6.2, 6.4 -intensive supervision 6.9 -mandatory 6.4 -men released from prison 5.14 -military corrections 8.13 -rates per 100,000 residents 6.2 -revocations, by offense 1.24-1.25; military 8.13 -releases, by State 5.10b, 5.11b, 5.12b, 6.2, 6.5 -sentence length 6.8 -violation of, admissions to prison 5.10a, 5.16; men 5.11a; women 5.12a -women released from prison 5.15 Pretrial detentions, in jails 4.1-4.2, 4.12 -military 8.12 Prior felony convictions, prisoners on death row, by race 7.10, 7.15, 7.23 Prisoners 1.1-1.2,1.5-1.14, 5.1-5.20 -admissions, by type 5.10a; men 5.11a; women 5.12a, 1.15-1.16 -men, by sentence length, 1996-97 5.2, 5.19 -releases, by type 5.10b, men 5.11b, women 5.12b -women, by sentence length 1996-97 5.3, 5.20 Probation 1.1-1.2, 3.1-3.11 -by gender 3.7 -by Hispanic origin 3.7 -by race 3.8 -changes in population size, 1996-97 3.2 -completions 3.6 -electronic monitoring 3.10 -entries 3.2, 3.5 -exits 3.2, 3.6 -intensive supervision 3.10 -men released from prison 5.14 -offense types 3.9 -prison releases 5.13 -rates per 100,000 residents 3.2 -status 3.3 -status of supervision 3.4 -women released from prison 5.15 Race, jail inmates 1.2, 2.3 -military prisoners 8.5 -parole 1.2, 6.7 -prisoners 1.2, 5.6, men 1.7, 5.7 women 1.7, 5.8 -prisoners under sentence of death 7.9-7.10, 7.14-7.15, 7.23, 7.26 -probation 1.2, 3.8 Rates of incarceration 1.7, 1.9, 1.11-1.12, 5.4 -by Hispanic origin 1.11 -by gender and race 1.7 Releases, from military confinement facilities 8.13 -from parole 6.2, 6.5 -from prison, by type 5.10b, 5.13; men 5.11b, 5.14; women 5.12b, 5.15 -from probation 3.2, 3.6 Revocation, parole 6.5, 1990-97 1.24 Sentence length, parole 6.8 -military prisoners 8.8 -prisoners in custody 5.18-5.20, under jurisdiction 5.1-5.3 Sentences, suspended 3.3 Substance abuse treatment 4.17-4.22 Suicide, prison 5.17 -military confinement facilities 8.13 Supervision, parole 6.3, 6.9 -probation 3.4, 3.10 Suspended sentences 3.3 Time served, prisoners on death row, by race 7.5, 7.17 Transfers, admissions to prison 5.10a; men 5.11a; women 5.12a -military 8.11 -parolees to another jurisdiction 6.5 -releases from prison 5.10b; men 5.11b; women 5.12b Trends, 1990-97, 1.1, 1.3-1.11, 1.13-1.27 -admissions to prison 1.17-1.23 -by gender 1.3, 1.6-1.12, 1.18-1.19 -by race 1.3, 1.6-1.12, 1.20-1.21 -correctional supervision 1.1, 1.3-1.4 -deaths of prisoners 5.17 -Federal sentences to prison 1.26-1.27 -Hispanic prisoners 1.10 -incarceration 1.5-1.10 -incarceration rates 1.7, 1.9-1.12 -parole revocation 1.24-1.25 -prisoners under sentence of death 7.1 Veteran status, jail inmates 4.1 Whites (see "race") Women, deaths in prison, by cause 5.17 -in jail 2.2-2.3 -military prisoners 8.5 -number under correctional supervision 1.2; 1990-97 1.3-1.4 -on death row 7.1, 7.3 -on parole 6.6 -on probation 3.7 -prisoners, by sentence length, 1995-97 5.3, 5.20 -prisoners, by race and State 5.8 -prisoners, by type of admission 5.12a -prisoners, by type of release 5.12b, 5.15 -violators of parole 5.16 End of file 11/15/00 ih