U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics ***************************************************** This file is text only without graphics and many of the tables. A Zip archive of the tables in this report in spreadsheet format (.csv) and the full report includingtables and graphics in .pdf format are available on BJS website at: http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5480 ****************************************************** Bulletin Census of Jails: Population Changes, 1999–2013 Todd D. Minton, BJS Statistician Scott Ginder, Susan M. Brumbaugh, Hope Smiley-McDonald, and Harley Rohloff, RTI International The nation’s local jail authorities supervised an estimated 731,570 confined inmates at yearend 2013 (table 1). The number of confined inmates includes those who were unconvicted and awaiting court action on a current charge, convicted offenders awaiting sentencing, and sentenced offenders. Jail authorities also supervised about 9,670 persons who were serving a weekend-only sentence on the weekend prior to December 31, 2013. In addition, jail authorities supervised about 46,770 persons under community supervision through programs such as electronic monitoring, house arrest, community service, day reporting, and work programs at yearend 2013. The population excludes persons supervised by a probation or parole agency. Based on a complete enumeration of all locally operated jails, the 2013 Census of Jails, which was collected through the Deaths in Custody Reporting Program’s Annual Summary on Inmates Under Jail Jurisdiction, gathered facility-level information on the number of confined and nonconfined jail inmates. Previous censuses were conducted in 1970, 1972, 1978, 1983, 1999, 2005, and 2006. In years between census collections, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) collected data from a sample of local jails to estimate the number and composition of inmates in local jails nationwide. This report uses the jail information from the 1999, 2006, and 2013 censuses to provide state and national level estimates and to examine changes in the number of inmates held, characteristics of jail inmates, the number of admissions, jail capacity to hold inmates, and jail staffing. By combining data from the census and annual surveys in noncensus years, BJS tracked the size and composition of local jails in the United States. After a surge from 1999 to 2008, the confined inmate population declined in local jails from midyear 2008 to yearend 2013 (table 2). The number of inmates confined in local jails increased 23% between 1999 (605,943) and 2006 (748,197). Since 2006, the inmate population declined by 2.2% (table 3). *********************************************** ************* HIGHLIGHTS ************* * From 1999 to 2013, the number of inmates in local jails increased by 21%, from 605,943 to 731,570. During this period, the growth in the jail population was not steady, as the jail confined population peaked in 2008 at 785,533 then declined to its 2013 level. * The adult jail incarceration rates changed slightly between midyear 1999 (304) and yearend 2013 (310). * Nearly half (46%) of all local jail inmates were confined in jurisdictions holding 1,000 or more inmates in 2013, down slightly from 50% in 2006. * Between 1999 and yearend 2013, the female inmate population increased by 48%, from approximately 68,100 to 100,940. The male inmate population increased by 17%, from approximately 537,800 to 630,620. * The juvenile population (persons age 17 or younger) held in adult jail facilities in 2013 (4,420) decreased by more than half from its peak in 1999 (9,458). * Jails admitted nearly 12 million persons during the 12-month period ending December 31, 2013, down from a peak of 13.6 million in 1998. * Among jail inmates, the expected length of inmate stay was 23 days in 2013. * The rated capacity of local jails increased an estimated 39% (252,550 beds) between 1999 and 2013, which was nearly twice the rate of the inmate population (up 21% or 125,630 inmates). * From 1999 to 2013, the number of correctional officers increased by 16% from 149,600 to 173,900. Jails in the South employed the largest share (47%) of all correctional offices in 2013, up from 44% in 1999. *********************************************** This analysis includes 15 locally operated jails in Alaska. It excludes the federal jurisdiction and combined jail/prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont (see Federal jails in textbox for analysis on the Bureau of Prisons detention centers). ******************************************* Montana had the largest percentage increase in jail inmates; the District of Columbia had the largest decline ******************************************* Twenty-two states experienced an increase in jail inmates, while 22 states and the District of Columbia experienced declines between 2006 and 2013. The jail population in New Mexico remained relatively stable. Southern states, including the District of Columbia, accounted for 50% of the local jail inmate population, up slightly from 47% in 1999 but remaining stable since 2006. The northeast states accounted for the smallest proportion (13%) of the jail population in 2013, down slightly from 14% of all local jail inmates in 1999 and 2006. Combined, nine states accounted for more than half of the local jail inmate population in 2013: California (11%), Texas (9%), Florida (7%), Georgia (6%), Pennsylvania (5%), Louisiana (4%), Virginia (4%), New York (4%), and Tennessee (4%). Jails in California, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee reported an increase of at least 2,000 inmates from 2006 to 2013 (see The Impact of California’s 2011 Public Safety Realignment Policy on the California and national jail population.) Jails in Florida reported the largest absolute decline (down 10,370 inmates) in the jail inmate population between 2006 and 2013, followed by New York (down 5,370 inmates). Jails in Montana reported the largest percentage increase (up 47%) in their inmate population from 2006 to 2013, followed by jails in Arkansas, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and Nebraska (up at least 29% each). Jails in the District of Columbia reported the largest percentage decline (down 35%) in their jail inmate population. ******************************************* Adult jail incarceration rates increased between 1999 and 2013 ******************************************* The incarceration rate of adult inmates in local jail jurisdictions increased slightly between midyear 1999 (304 inmates per 100,000 adult U.S. residents) and yearend 2013 (310 per 100,000) (table 4). Since 1999, the adult jail inmate incarceration rate increased in 27 states and the District of Columbia and declined in 17 states (not calculated for Alaska). Louisiana (870), Mississippi (590), Kentucky (570), New Mexico (560), Georgia (550), and Tennessee (530), had the highest adult jail inmate incarceration rates in the United States at yearend 2013. Minnesota (150), Maine (160), and Iowa, New Hampshire, and New York (each 170) reported the lowest incarceration rates. The adult incarceration rate increased at least 50% in six states since 1999, including North Dakota (up 99%), Kentucky (up 68%), Oklahoma (up 60%), Arkansas and West Virginia (each up 52%), and Montana (up 56%) (not shown). Oregon (down 28%), New York (down 26%), Florida (down 24%), and New Jersey (down 20%) reported the largest decline in the adult jail incarceration rates. ******************************************* Nearly half of all local jail inmates were confined in jurisdictions holding 1,000 or more inmates in 2013 ******************************************* Local jail jurisdictions holding 1,000 or more inmates at yearend 2013 accounted for 46% (335,610 inmates) of the total local jail inmate population on December 31, 2013 (table 5). This was down from 50% in 2006 and 48% in 1999 (not shown). Nearly two-thirds (466,370 inmates) of the local jail population were confined in jails holding 500 or more inmates at yearend 2013. The smallest jail jurisdictions—those holding fewer than 50 inmates—accounted for 3% (23,280 inmates) of the local jail inmate population. ******************************************* The female and white inmate populations increased at a faster rate than the male and black inmate populations ******************************************* At yearend 2013, most inmates in local jails were male (86%) (table 6), a decline from 89% in 1999 (not shown). The female local jail population increased by 48% between 1999 and yearend 2013, from 68,100 to 100,940. Females accounted for 14% of the local jail population in 2013, up from about 11% in 1999. Male inmates made up at least 90% of the reported jail population in 2013 in Massachusetts, the District of Columbia, New York, Mississippi, Louisiana, and New Jersey. The largest concentrations of female inmates (at least 20% of their states’ total jail inmate population) were in West Virginia, South Dakota, and Idaho. At yearend 2013, white inmates accounted for an estimated 47% of the total local jail inmate population, an increase from 41% in 1999 (table 7). Black inmates declined from 42% in 1999 to 34% in 2013, while the proportion of Hispanic inmates remained stable at about 16% each year. Due to missing data in the 2006 Census of Jail Facilities, race data were not reported for that census year. Nearly half of all white inmates and nearly 60% of black inmates were held in jails located in southern states. Jails in Georgia (9%) and California and Florida (8% each) held the largest proportion of black inmates. Texas (8%) and Florida and California (7% each) held the largest proportion of white inmates. The largest concentration of American Indian and Alaska Native (51%) and Hispanic (43%) inmates was in western states. New Mexico (13%) and Arizona (10%) held the largest proportion of American Indian and Alaska Natives in local jails. California (28%) and Texas (19%) held the largest proportion of Hispanic inmates in local jails. ******************************************* The juvenile population held in adult facilities decreased significantly since its peak in 1999 ******************************************* At yearend 2013, the juvenile population (age 17 or younger) in adult jails accounted for less than 1% (4,420) of the local jail inmate population, down significantly since the juvenile population peaked at 1.6% (9,458) of the local jail inmate population in 1999 (not shown). Most juveniles were male (92%) and held as adults (84%). ******************************************* Jails admitted nearly 12 million persons during the 12-month period ending December 31, 2013 ******************************************* Local jails admitted more than 11.9 million persons during the 12-month period ending December 31, 2013, up from 11.4 million in 1999, but down from the peak number of new admissions (13.6 million) to local jails in 2008 (see Jail Inmates at Midyear 2011 - Statistical Tables, NCJ 237961, BJS web, April 2012) (table 8). The number of persons admitted in 2013 was 16 times the size of the average daily population (757,120) in 2013. Jurisdictions holding 500 or more inmates on an average day in 2013 accounted for 54% of all new admissions to local jails. More than a third (35%) of the admissions were to the largest local jail jurisdictions holding 1,000 or more inmates. In comparison, jail jurisdictions holding fewer than 50 inmates accounted for about 7% of all admissions to local jails. Southern states accounted for more than half (52%) of all new admissions to local jails. Combined, Texas (10%), California (10%), and Florida (6%) accounted for a quarter of all new admissions to local jails (not shown). Each state had a larger number of admissions than the entire northeast region. ******************************************* Expected length of stay in local jails was less than a month ******************************************* The expected average length of stay for local jail inmates was 23 days in 2013 (table 9). It was the highest (52 days) in the Northeast and lowest (19 days) in the Midwest. Among jurisdictions, the expected average length of stay was highest in the District of Columbia (70 days) and Pennsylvania and Massachusetts (67 days each). Excluding Alaska, the expected average length of stay was the lowest in Arkansas, Idaho, Iowa, North Dakota, Oregon, and South Dakota, (12 days each). ******************************************* Facility bed capacity outpaced growth in the jail population ******************************************* Local jails nationwide were less crowded at yearend 2013 (81% of rated capacity occupied) than in 1999 (93%) (table 10). The overall percentage of capacity occupied was highest in Virginia (119%) and West Virginia (102%) at yearend 2013. Excluding Alaska, the lowest occupied local jail space was reported in Wyoming (57%). The rated capacity of local jails increased an estimated 39% or 252,550 beds between 1999 and 2013, which was nearly twice the growth of the inmate population (up 21% or 125,630 inmates) (not shown). Facility expansion averaged 17,180 new spaces (up 2%) annually. Rated capacity is the maximum number of beds or inmates allocated to each jail facility by rating officials. Due to missing data in the 2006 Census of Jail Facilities, rated capacity data were not calculated. Since 1999 jails in 35 states and the District of Columbia reported decreases in their occupied bed space, 7 states reported increases, and 3 states remained relatively stable. North Dakota reported the largest increase in rated capacity occupied, from 64% in 1999 to 75% at yearend 2013. The District of Columbia reported the largest decline in rated capacity occupied, from 120% in 1999 to 83% at yearend 2013. ******************************************* Increase in correctional officers in the South outpaced growth in the inmate population ******************************************* Approximately 173,900 correctional officers supervised 731,570 jail inmates at yearend 2013, up from an estimated 149,600 in 1999 (table 11). Local jail jurisdictions in the South employed the largest percentage (47%) of correctional officers, up from 44% in 1999. These jails also accounted for nearly half of the local jail inmate population nationwide. In southern local jails, the growth in the number of correctional officers outpaced the growth in their inmate population. For this report, correctional officers include deputies, monitors, and other custody staff who spend more than 50% of their time with the incarcerated population. Due to missing data in the 2006 Census of Jail Facilities, correctional officer data were not reported. New York jails employed 6% of all local jail correctional officers in 2013, down from 12% of all correctional officers in 1999. The decline in the number of correctional officers in New York outpaced the decline in the jail inmate population between 1999 and 2013 in the United States. In the United States, nearly 7 in 10 correctional officers were male in both 1999 and 2013. Males accounted for 65% of the overall growth in correctional officers between 1999 and 2013. In 2013, Texas accounted for the largest proportion of all correctional officers (9%) and of all female correctional officers (10%). In Nebraska, Iowa, Alaska, and South Carolina jails, about 4 in 10 of all correctional officers were female in 2013, while less than 20% of correctional officers in New Jersey, Washington, Massachusetts, West Virginia, and New Hampshire were female. The ratio of inmates to correctional officers was the highest in California, Mississippi, Louisiana, West Virginia, and Utah jails (about 6 to 1) at yearend 2013. Excluding Alaska, the lowest ratio of inmates to correctional officers was reported in Maine (2.4 to 1). Five other states (Nebraska, Minnesota, New York, Iowa, and Massachusetts) also reported less than a 3 to 1 ratio of inmates to correctional officers at yearend 2013. ************************************************* ******************************************* The Impact of California’s 2011 Public Safety Realignment Policy on the California and national jail population ******************************************* The total national jail population increased by 14,160 inmates from yearend 2011 to yearend 2013. The increase was attributed to 27 states that had a combined increase of about 30,490 inmates. The decline in 17 states and the District of Columbia that had a combined decrease of 16,330 inmates offset the increase in the jail population experienced by the other states. One state reported no change in their inmate population. From yearend 2011 to yearend 2013, the California jail population increased by 11,130 inmates. In comparison, the next closest states with an increase in jail population were Texas (3,140 inmates), Arkansas (1,840), Oklahoma (1,750), Mississippi (1,650), and North Carolina (1,500). The increase in the California jail population accounted for the majority of the total national jail inmate growth and significantly differs from recent national trends. The pivotal year of 2011 where the change in California jail population began to increase coincided with the implementation of the Public Safety Realignment Policy. On May 23, 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a ruling by a lower three- judge court that the State of California must reduce its prison population to 137.5% of design capacity (by approximately 110,000 prisoners) within 2 years to alleviate overcrowding. In response, the California State Legislature and governor enacted two laws—AB 109 and AB 117—to reduce the number of inmates housed in state prisons beginning October 1, 2011. The Public Safety Realignment Policy was designed to reduce the prison population through normal attrition of the existing population while placing new nonviolent, nonserious, nonsex offenders under county jurisdiction for incarceration in local jail facilities. Inmates released from local jails are placed under a county-directed post-release community supervision program instead of the state’s parole system. From 1999 to 2013, the California jail inmate population increased by about 5,080 inmates (up 6.6%) (table 1). This increase included a 2.7% increase in California’s jail inmates from 1999 to 2006 and a 3.8% increase from March 31, 2006, to yearend 2013. In all other states, after a nearly 27% increase in the number of confined local jail inmates from 1999 (528,801) to 2006 (669,004), the inmate population declined by about 3% from 2006 to 2013. After a peak in the national jail population at midyear 2008, the jail population declined for the next 3 years until it increased 2.0% between yearend 2011 and yearend 2013 (table 12). The increase in the national jail population was largely driven by the increase in California’s jail population (up 15.7%). ************************************************* **************** Federal jails **************** The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) maintains a small number of detention facilities that function as jails. These facilities were not included among the city, county, or regional adult detention facilities identified as local jails in this report. In 2013, BOP operated 12 jails that held 11,864 persons (table 13). These numbers represent an increase from 11 jails and 11,209 inmates in 1999, but a decrease from 13,806 persons in 12 facilities in 2006 (not shown). In 2013, 93% of federal jail inmates were male. Juveniles are not held in BOP jails. Hispanic inmates accounted for 52% of the total BOP jail population, blacks represented 25%, and whites represented 18% at yearend 2013. Race data were not comparable between 1999 and 2013. The BOP jails admitted 38,109 persons during the 12-month period ending December 31, 2013. This number was 3 times the size of the average daily population (12,047) in 2013. The expected average length of stay for inmates held in federal detention centers was nearly 4 months. The peak population (the number of inmates held on the most crowded day in December 2013) was 12,668 inmates. The 12 federal jails had a rated capacity of 9,877 in 2013, up from 11 facilities with a rated capacity of 8,040 in 1999 (table 14). The rated capacity grew at a faster rate (up 23%) than the inmate population (up 6%), resulting in a decline in the percent of capacity occupied, from 139% in 1999 to 120% in 2013. The number of BOP jail correctional officers increased 9%, from 1,685 in 1999 to 1,838 in 2013. Eighty-one percent of BOP jail correctional officers in 2013 were male (table 15). Black correctional officers accounted for 37% of the total number of correctional officers, whites represented 29%, and Hispanics represented 27%. The inmate-to- correctional officer ratio remained stable between 1999 (6.7 to 1) and 2013 (6.5 to 1). ************************************************* ************************** List of tables and figure ************************** Table 1. Persons under jail supervision, by jail jurisdiction, December 31, 2013 Table 2. Inmates confined in local jails, 1999–2014 Table 3. Inmates confined in local jails, 1999, 2006, and 2013 Table 4. Confined adult local jail inmates per 100,000 adult U.S. residents, 1999 and 2013 Table 5. Confined local jail inmates, by size of jail jurisdiction, December 31, 2013 Table 6. Confined local jail inmates, by age group and sex, December 31, 2013 Table 7. Confined local jail inmates, by race or Hispanic origin, December 31, 2013 Table 8. Admissions to local jails, by size of jurisdiction, January 1– December 31, 2013 Table 9. Average daily jail population, admissions, and expected average length of stay in local jails, January 1–December 31, 2013 Table 10. Rated capacity and percent of capacity occupied in local jails, by jurisdiction, December 31, 2013 Table 11. Correctional officers in local jails, by sex, December 31, 2013 Table 12. Number and percent change of inmates confined in local jails, 2011 and 2013 Table 13. Inmate characteristics in Federal Bureau of Prisons detention centers, December 31, 2013 Table 14. Facility characteristics of Federal Bureau of Prisons detention centers, 1999 and 2013 Table 15. Correctional officer characteristics in Federal Bureau of Prisons detention centers, December 31, 2013 Figure 1. Largest jail growth, by selected states, between 2011 and 2013 ************************************************* ************* Methodology ************* The Census of Jails is part of a series of data collections that study the nation’s local jails and periodically collect data from Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) facilities that function as jails. The 2013 Census of Jails was the tenth in a series of complete enumerations of jail facilities collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) since 1970. The Census was conducted with a reference date of December 31, 2013 ***Footnote 1 This yearend reference date represents a change from the midyear reference date used for previous iterations of the Census of Jails and the corresponding Annual Survey of Jails (another BJS data collection)***. RTI International collected the data for BJS. The census collected facility-level information on the number of confined and nonconfined inmates, number of inmates participating in weekend programs, number of confined non-U.S. citizens, number of confined inmates by sex and adult or juvenile status, number of juveniles held as adults, conviction and sentencing status, offense type, number of inmates held by race or Hispanic origin, number of inmates held for other jurisdictions or authorities, average daily population, rated capacity, number of admissions and releases, program participation for nonconfined inmates, operating expenditures, and staff by occupational category and race or Hispanic origin. Because the census was a complete enumeration, the results were not subject to sampling error. However, the results were affected by unit and item nonresponse. The unit-level response rate for the census was 92.4%, and missing item-level data ranged from 0.5% to 15% for average daily population, inmate sex, inmate race or Hispanic origin, occupational category, jail programs, operating expenditures, and the rated capacity of individual jails. Complete or nearly complete reporting was recorded on the number of jail jurisdictions, number of jail facilities, and type of facility operator (public authority or under contract). More information about the Census of Jails series is available on the BJS website. Combined Census of Jails and Deaths in Custody Reporting Program data collections ******************************************* To reduce respondent burden for the 2013 collection, the Census of Jails was combined with the Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP). The DCRP is an annual BJS data collection that gathers national, state, and incident-level data on persons who died while in the physical custody of the 50 state departments of corrections or the approximately 2,900 local adult jail jurisdictions nationwide. The DCRP was authorized under the Death in Custody Reporting Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-297). It is the only national statistical collection that obtains comprehensive information about deaths in adult correctional facilities. BJS uses DCRP data to track national trends in the number and causes (or manners) of deaths that occur while a person is in state prison or local jail custody. The DCRP data collection instruments are administered annually to both state prisons and local jails. Respondents provide an aggregate count of the number of deaths that occurred during the referenced calendar year. The jail (form CJ-9/CJ-10) and prison (form NPS-4A) survey instruments used to obtain data on each prison and jail death are available on the BJS website. In addition to death counts, BJS requests that jails provide summary statistics about their population and admissions for the DCRP. All jails are asked to complete the annual summary form, including about 80% of jails in any given year that have no deaths to report. For data collection year 2013, this annual summary form was redesigned to gather facility-level items on behalf of the Census of Jails data collection to (1) update and enhance the jail universe database to ensure full coverage of deaths in all jails nationwide, and (2) collect facility-level variables that can enhance and refine the denominators used in calculating mortality rates across jails. The combined Census of Jails and DCRP summary form focused on jail facilities rather than the DCRP’s usual jurisdiction-level data. The census data collection was carried out in conjunction with the DCRP data collection to minimize the contacts with and burden on those jail administrators who respond to the survey. The combined data collection was conducted primarily via web- based data collection, with optional paper forms used as needed. Included in the Census of Jails and DCRP data collections ******************************************* The 2013 Census of Jails gathered data from all jail detention facilities holding inmates beyond arraignment, a period normally exceeding 72 hours. Included in the census were 2,872 local jail jurisdictions (including 77 regional jails with 2 or more jail jurisdictions having a formal agreement to operate) made up of 3,163 city, county, or privately operated (39 facilities) jail facilities intended for adults ***Footnote 2 Some facilities also held juveniles (defined as persons age 17 or younger*** and 12 BOP facilities that functioned as jails. In 2013, BJS counted the 12 BOP detention facilities as a single jurisdiction. A jail jurisdiction is a legal entity that has responsibility for managing jail facilities. Jail jurisdictions typically operate at the county level, with a sheriff’s office or jail administrator managing the local facilities. The DCRP data identify the jail facility in which a jail inmate dies, but the data are arrayed at the jail jurisdiction level. BJS defines a jail as a locally operated correctional facility that confines persons before or after adjudication for more than 72 hours, excluding temporary lockups. Typically, there is one facility per jail jurisdiction, but the 2013 Census of Jails found that 6.7% of jail jurisdictions had multiple facilities under a central authority *** Footnote 3 Approximately 15% of all facilities were part of a multifacility jurisdiction***. Excluded from the Census of Jails and DCRP data collections ******************************************* Excluded from the census were physically separate temporary holding facilities, such as drunk tanks and police lockups, that do not hold persons after they have been formally charged in court. Also excluded were state-operated facilities in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont, which have combined jail and prison systems. However, the census did include 15 independently operated jails in Alaska. Nonresponse ************** The jail universe includes all jails currently operating and jails that have been contacted for the DCRP but have closed, consolidated, or otherwise ceased operations. This universe allows BJS to determine jail participation in the DCRP. The jail universe for the census was constructed in January 2014 and identified 2,872 jurisdictions consisting of 3,163 jail facilities. Of these, 2,923 facilities (92.4%) provided data to the Census of Jails and DCRP data collection using the annual summary form. The congressionally mandated Death in Custody Reporting Act expired at yearend 2006, making participation in DCRP voluntary as of 2007. As a result, three jail jurisdictions no longer report data to the program. Imputation and weighting ************************** Imputation ------------ For responding jails that were unable to provide some requested items, a sequential hot-deck imputation procedure was used to impute values. This procedure, implemented using the SUDAAN software package, substitutes respondent (donor) data for missing values. The donor for each item nonrespondent was randomly selected from within a set of similar jails, which was sorted by related previous-year population values. The resulting imputed values are generally similar to the reported values of the previous year, but are not identical because of differences between each donor and item nonrespondent pairing and the year-to-year fluctuation in donor population values. Weighting ************ Because the Census of Jails data collection used a census design (no sampling), each jail was initially self-representing and had a design weight of 1. To reduce nonresponse bias, responding jails had their weight adjusted via post-stratification to allow their responses to represent jails that did not respond. Control totals for the 2013 confined population were estimated at the state level as follows: * The year-to-year change in confined population among respondents to both the 2012 Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP) and the 2013 Census of Jails was computed within the state. * Plausible 2012 confined population values were imputed for jails that did not report to the DCRP in 2012 and did not report 2013 Census data using the hot-deck procedure described in the Imputation section. * Estimated 2013 values were calculated by multiplying the yearly change rate and the 2012 DCRP estimate of confined population for jails not responding to the 2013 Census the sum of reported, item-imputed, and DCRP-estimated values for the 2013 confined population for each state served as the control totals for the post-stratification procedure. The post-stratification weight adjustment factor was identical for all jails within a state and was computed as the ratio of the control total for state i to the sum of the reported and item-imputed 2013 Census of Jails confined population values for state i: The final analysis weight is the product of the design weight and the post-stratification adjustment factor. Because the design weight was 1 for all jails, the analysis weight is equal to the adjustment factor. Methodology for 2011 ************************* The response rate for the 2011 yearend population was 96.8%. The 2011 jail population in table 12 was estimated for 93 reporting units that did not respond to the data collection efforts of 2011 Deaths in Custody Program (DCRP)—Annual Summary on Inmates Under Jail Jurisdiction. Estimates for the 2011 yearend population were derived from data covering 2009, 2010, and 2012. Reporting units that responded to both the 2012 DCRP and at least one of the 2009 or 2010 DCRP collections (70 of the 93 nonrespondents) had their 2011 data estimated by linear interpolation. When linear interpolation was not possible (23 of the 93 nonrespondents), the most recent yearend count available was used to estimate the 2011 yearend count. *********************************************** The Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S. Department of Justice is the principal federal agency responsible for measuring crime, criminal victimization, criminal offenders, victims of crime, correlates of crime, and the operation of criminal and civil justice systems at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels. BJS collects, analyzes, and disseminates reliable and valid statistics on crime and justice systems in the United States, supports improvements to state and local criminal justice information systems, and participates with national and international organizations to develop and recommend national standards for justice statistics. William J. Sabol is director. The report was written by Todd D. Minton, BJS Statistician, and Scott Ginder, Hope Smiley-McDonald, and Harley Rohloff, RTI International. Todd D. Minton and Scott Ginder analyzed the data. Zhen Zeng, Margaret E. Noonan, E. Ann Carson, and Danielle Kaeble verified the report. Lynne McConnell and Jill Thomas edited the report, and Barbara Quinn and Tina Dorsey produced the report. December 2015, NCJ 248627 *********************************************** ************************************************* Office of Justice Programs Innovation * Partnerships * Safer Neighborhoods www.ojp.usdoj.gov ************************************************* *********************** 11/24/2015 9:35am JER ***********************